Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent tries to define the concept and relevance of non-verbal communication in business settings. In particular the differences are compared and contrasted as observed using specific cultures of Japan, and the UK. Furthermore, the proponent also discussed the business etiquette and the possible consequences of not being familiar with the correct etiquette. Other variables such as power, status, or gender are also included especially on their impacts on non-verbal communication. Silence The absence of words or specific level of reaction does not mean there is something totally void or emptiness about it. Not with the Japanese culture because silence or chinmoku says more than a word. In Japan silence does not mean to be a specific level of insult or something else because it is a communicative skill (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). In this country, silence is derived from the Japanese values and it is the main reason how it is significantly viewed important today in ever y walk of life and in different circumstances. It is considered as a virtue. Compared in the western culture, silence in the midst of communication in Japan on a daily basis stands in a longer duration and this is due to two most important factors: historical and dominance of group consciousness (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). ... UK on the other hand has strong individualistic culture which emphasizes strong level that is contained within individual competition (Brown & MacBean, 2005). Thus, it would appear that people in the UK are more dynamic in their response especially in the context of achieving competitive advantage. Eye contact In the UK, eye contact signifies respect, honesty and listening (Moore & Woodrow, 2009). This means how important it is to have eye contact when one is in the midst of a conversation in the UK. However, a bit of contrast happens in Japan. Eye contact may mean an insult because Japanese show politeness by not having direct eye contact for it is associated with aggression, insensitiveness, negative boldness, and other related emotional manifestation (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Gestures There are deep vocabularies associated with gestures (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2009). In Japan, pointing to objects and at people require the entire hand which at some certain reasons would mean an insult to use a finger in doing so. In the UK, this would bring out different meaning knowing the fact that hand gestures for instance are associated with culture and thus they would convey contradictory meaning across different culture (Thakur & Srivastava, 1997). In other words, specific bodily movements have varying meaning across different cultures, which at some point if not properly used will result to different level of conflicts. Business etiquette The above non-verbal communications are applicable within the business etiquette in the cultural context of Japan and UK. As stated earlier, silence is associated with Japan’s highly collectivist culture while being proactive is in line with UK’s individualist culture. Thus, in the UK an

2008 Presidential Debates Essay Example for Free

2008 Presidential Debates Essay The October 7 debate, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates, took place in Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee and Tom Brokaw (NBC News) was the moderator. Questions were selected from thousands of online messages and were based on domestic and foreign policy. Overall, the issue that dominated the debate was the economy with both candidates pointing out the mistakes of the past and laying down their plan for the future. Senator Obama and McCain on the economy Senator Obama started with pointing out that the country is in the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and people are worried by about their jobs, pensions and their ability to send their children to schools. Senator Obama stated that the crisis was as a result of failed economic policies of the George Bush regime. Obama emphasized on regulating Wall Street, cracking down on CEOs and making sure they dont get bonuses and giving the middle class tax cuts. Senator McCain puts the blame on the democrats in the senate and in the congress who defended Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Senator McCain plan is to stabilize home values and buy up bad loans. He also does not propose any tax cuts or increases. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCains plan is to enhance the use of nuclear energy since it is, as he puts it, safe and reliable. An added advantage of nuclear energy, according to him, is that the nuclear fuel spent can be reprocessed. Senator Obama puts energy among his top priority issues should he go ahead and win the presidency. He states that high gas prices are not only a strain to the family budget but also a threat to national security since countries like Russia and Venezuela were benefiting from high oil prices. Obama proposes a $15 billion ten year plan to guarantee independence from Middle Eastern oil. Senator Obama and McCain on health care Senator Obama proposes to lower the cost of premiums by up to $2,500 a year by investing in prevention. He puts emphasis on using information technology so that medical records are put in computers rather than in hospital forms. Senator McCain notes how everyone is struggling with health care and proposes giving every American a $5,000 refundable tax credit so that they can get their health care insurance. The October 15 debate took place in Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York and Bob Schieffer (CBS News) was the moderator. Focus on that day was on domestic policy. Senator McCain and Obama on economy Senator McCain once again blamed the input that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had that caused the housing market to collapse. Of the $700 billion allocated, McCain proposes to use 300 of that to buy the home loan mortgages and negotiate with home owners. Senator Obama reiterates that the financial rescue plan is an important step and proposes ending tax breaks for companies shipping jobs oversees and provide tax credit for companies creating jobs domestically. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCain plans to stop spending $700 billion annually in other countries on energy. He plans on investing in wind, tide, natural gas, nuclear and offshore drilling. He also suggests that Senator Obama is opposed to such initiatives. Senator Obama says that investing in a serious energy policy should help America to stop borrowing from China and spending in Saudi Arabia. Senator Obama and McCain on climate change The issue of energy and climate change goes hand in hand. Obama again talks of his plan to stop foreign oil dependence and making the oil companies drill from their unused land. He also says that he has focused on putting resource into solar, wind, bio-diesel and geothermal. Senator McCain points out the importance of starting offshore drilling right away.

Mary Rowlandson :: essays research papers

History Mary Rowlandson was an Indian captive, and also an American writer. She was born in England approximately 1637-1638. She immigrated to Lancaster, Massachusetts with her parents. Joseph Rowlandson became a minister in 1654 and two years later he married Mary. They together had four children, one whom died as an infant, but the others were Joseph, Mary, and Sarah. On February 20, 1676, Mary and her three children were taken captive in their home during a raid of the Native Americans uprising known as King Philip’s War along with 23 other people. Her children were the ages 14, 10 and 6. Sarah was 6; she died in captivity due to her wounds. She also lost her sister, brother-in-law, nieces and nephews. Of the 23 people who were captured in the raid, thirteen of them were Rowlandson family members. Mary was sold as a slave and her two children went to other masters. Mary Rowlandson was ransomed at ₤20 just three months after she was captured. She was returned to Princeton, Massachusetts on May 2, 1676. Soon after that, her two surviving children were returned. Joseph Rowlandson died in 1691 at the age of forty-seven. It was said that Mary died shortly after her husband’s death but come to find out just nine months after the death of her husband, Mary married Connecticut leader, Capt. Samuel Talcott. There were no more known details of her life except for a court testimony in 1707. Mary White Rowlandson Talcott died at the age of seventy-three on January 5, 1711. Works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The narrative that Rowlandson wrote was originally titled â€Å"The Sovereignty & Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promise Displayed: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Commended by her to all that Desire to Know the Lord’s Doings to, and Dealings with Her. Especially to her Dear Children and Relations.† In 1682, the title was dropped and republished the narrative under the title â€Å"Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† which is best known as today. This book is separated into â€Å"removes.† The first three â€Å"removes† focus on her desperate efforts to care for her dying daughter. The rest of the â€Å"removes† focus on the difficulties she faced while being kidnapped and held captive.

Fan Fiction in a Literary Context :: Fan Fiction Essays

Fan Fiction in a Literary Context For most people, John F. Kennedy Jr was a character in a play, a character in a story, just the way Sherlock Holmes was. When he's lost, then people react very emotionally. Constantly rehearsing the details of somebody's life and death shows that people are trying to continue the story. We always try to do that when the story ends before we're prepared for the ending. - Neil Postman, chairman of the department of culture and communication at New York University[1] On the official Anne Rice web site[2] appears the following message: I do not allow fan fiction. The characters are copyrighted. It upsets me terribly to even think about fan fiction with my characters. I advise my readers to write your own original stories with your own characters. It is absolutely essential that you respect my wishes. Until relatively recently in the history of fiction, this would have seemed a very odd message from writer to reader. For a start, the idea that there is some intrinsic virtue in using an "original" character or story would have puzzled most ancient or mediaeval writers. They did do that sometimes, but they plundered the vast resources of myth and history just as happily - indeed there is a mediaeval convention of authorial modesty whereby writers routinely claim that they found the story they are about to tell in some ancient book. Thus Robert Henryson, the fifteenth-century Scottish poet, tells how, one winter night by the fire, he read a book: writtin be worthie Chaucer glorious, Of fair Cresseid and lustie Troilus.[3] And he tells us that when he had finished Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, which ends with Troilus mourning his faithless love but does not say what became of her, he took another book, in which he found ...the fatall destinie Of fair Cresseid This second book, of course, does not exist, though it will: he is about to write it. The Testament of Cresseid is his sequel to Chaucer's poem, using the characters both poets had borrowed from Greek myth and made their own, though neither would have thought to call them "my characters". However individualised by each successive poet who used them, they were still Troilus and Cressida, part of a resource that belonged to all. History is another such resource and Shakespeare, his contemporaries and successors happily plundered classical, English and European history for plots and characters.

Assessment Of Special Education Centers And Its Impact Education Essay

The birth of any kid can hold a important consequence on the kineticss of the household. Parents and other kids in the household must undergo a assortment of alterations to follow to the force per unit area of a new member. The consequence of the birth of a handicapped kid on household can be even more profound. The physically challenged kids are often characterized by extremes of behaviours, which in some instances influence the interactions they have with parents and siblings. The excess attention and particular adjustments are required by them. Families of physically challenged kids likely vary in their behaviour, societal attitude and household relationships as compared to households who do non hold disabled kids ( Hussain and Juyal, 2007 ) . Disability could be seeable or unseeable, impermanent or lasting. The first major and systematic record of handicapped individuals in Pakistan is available from 1961 nose count. Harmonizing to this record about 2 per centum of the population suffered from all sorts of disablements, peculiarly the kids of age group 0-14 old ages after the initial crisis, many parents develop healthy and constructive attitude towards their disabled kids maximal population of Pakistan lives in rural countries so bulk of the kids are born and brought up at that place. The overall status of our small towns gives their life as start with multiple disadvantages. They suffer from unwellness caused by malnutrition and non-hygienic status. The state of affairs of disabled kids is far from satisfactory. The causes of this calamity are poorness, ignorance, malnutrition, hapless lodging installations, unequal health care and environment act as a accelerator for infection. Good physical and mental growing can non be achieved in an environment where there is poorness and wretchedness, nutrient and shelter is unequal and wellness services are either missing or highly unequal. The inauspicious societal, economic and environmental conditions can be considered responsible for the hapless rational public presentation of many kids, who in more favourable environment could develop abilities within a spectrum. ( David, 1978 ) Education of the disable kids was considered as useless exercising. The premise was in past that a disable individual could ne'er go an built-in member of the society. Persons with professional expertness to learn handicapped kids were non available and there was no substructure to back up the instruction, preparation and rehabilitation of particular kids. The clip has changed and the instruction of disable has started with a focal point. A gradual realisation has emerged that the instruction of a disable kid is every bit of import as the instruction of an able bodied chief watercourse kid. The particular school system evolved in Pakistan every bit early as first decennary of 20th century, nevertheless the schools are non in sufficient Numberss to provide all the particular kids. The function of non-government organisations ( NGOs ) is really important in the development of particular instruction in Pakistan. The installations to back up higher instruction for particular people in co lleges and universities are non available. The mainstream schools do non hold instructors and equipment to suit particular kids ( Ali, 2003 ) . One-fourth of the instructors believed that they had sufficient schoolroom clip for inclusion attempts, that they were presently prepared to learn pupils with disablements, or that they would have sufficient preparation for inclusion attempts. These findings were interpreted as support for the premise that instructors viewed pupils with disablements in the context of the world of the general instruction schoolroom instead than as support for the prevailing attitudes about integrating. General instruction instructors therefore demonstrated certain reluctance about inclusion that must be addressed if such a policy alteration was to be successful ( Welch, 1989 ) . The accent on particular instruction as a topographic point deflected attending off from the fact that particular instruction was a more comprehensive procedure whose existent kineticss were major subscribers to its success or failure A important portion of the particular instruction procedure was represented in the beliefs and actions of general instruction. An incorporate system means that particular instruction can non move independently as a separate system, but must explicate policy in response to the attitudes, perceptual experiences, and behaviours of general instruction ( Gallagher, 1994 ) . Consideration for the demands of pupils of particular school is the most cardinal facet of particular instruction. It non merely assist instructors to be after, invent and implement modified course of study but besides steer them to make congenial schoolroom environment, set single educational programs, arrange suited educational resources, follow effectual instruction schemes, and choice appropriate rating methods to better the larning out comes of particular kids. Parents themselves take their disable kid to particular school where the school staff entree their demands without following any standardised method for measuring the degree of kid ‘s disablement. Consequently, a really small item about the particular educational demands of the assessed kid is available which is non sufficient for instructors to invent effectual educational programs and set up appropriate resources for such kids ( Coenen et al 2006 ) . The issues refering instruction of disabled kids and sociological position are globally highlighted by societal scientist. The complexness in the nature of jobs has farther demanded prudent attempts particularly in traditional societies of developing states. Dera Ghazi Khan remained distant and disadvantaged territory of Punjab in footings of resource allotment yet the being and sustainability of particular instruction centres will find the socio economic position of disabled kids. The rating of centres will assist in finding the demands and jobs of these incapacitated population strata. In this respect the present survey will be lending a significant portion in bettering the efficiency of services provided to disable kids. Main aims of the survey are To analyze the jobs and jeopardies faced by disabled kids in particular instruction centre. To entree the quality of services being offered to particular kids in their centres. To do suggestions for policy shapers to minimise the dependence of particular kids.REVIEW OF LITERATURE:Mext ( 2002 ) explored that instruction system for kids with particular demands was switching to particular support instruction at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Ministry of instruction, civilization, athleticss, scientific discipline and engineering mentioned that the particular support instruction is a primary accelerator for the advancement toward an equal chance society for all kids including persons with disablements. The chief rule of particular support instruction is run intoing single demands of each kid. A womb-to-tomb support system shall be developed through co-operation among every sector in society to advance kids ‘s liberty and engagement in all societies. Ali ( 2003 ) studied the development of particular instruction web in historical position and the nature and set some steps for its betterment. In her survey she designed assorted instruments and conducted interviews of the particular pedagogues, support professionals, parents of particular kids and particular individuals. She found that the parent engagement in the instruction of particular kids is at minimum. A portion from this she besides concluded that huge bulk of parents of particular kids of all classs and particular individuals are non to the full satisfied with the instruction being given to their kids. She besides concluded that the function of non-government organisations ( NGOs ) was really important in the development of particular instruction in Pakistan ; nevertheless the installations to back up higher instruction for particular people in colleges and universities were non available. Alam et Al ( 2005 ) studied the behaviour of parents towards physically handicapped kids in Islamabad metropolis by questioning method. They found that a major proportion of the respondents had intermediate to graduation degrees of instruction. About 30 % of the respondent ‘s kids suffered from deaf and shit and blind. Majority of the respondents said that their kids were physical disableds since birth. Kitcher et Al ( 2005 ) studied that behavioural upsets were non merely really straitening to multiply disabled patients and their households but besides had a negative impact on their acquisition at school or other installation, peer relationships and societal competency, so more attending should be paid to name ( detect and classify ) and sharply treat behavioural upsets by pharmacological, educational and environmental intercessions. Kazimi ( 2007 ) reported that in Pakistan, three systems of Education at present operate 1. Normal schools 2.Special Education Schools and 3. Inclusive Schools. In the last named particular pupils of merely the lower categories were accommodated. She argued that jobs associated with working environment in Pakistan were broad ranging and have really terrible consequence on the personality of the individual, particularly when working with kids in particular scene or in inclusive scenes with mental deceleration or physical damage. Further more, Teachers really frequently experience stress due to professional demands and equivocal occupation description, parental force per unit area, non-supportive behaviour and deficiency of pupil motive. Similarly, Teachers working in mainstream inclusive instruction puting experience less emphasis. Molnara et Al ( 2008 ) reported the instruction of the extroverted coevals was ever a hard undertaking and this was peculiarly true for those educational institutes where pupils necessitating particular intervention were educated. These pupils were frequently educationally challenged, mentally challenged or multi-challenged. They present an international co-operation lasting for three old ages whose premier end was to build non-language-dependent package for disabled kids. They introduce the establishments taking portion in the development, the procedure of the plan ‘s creative activity, the stairss to use the plan and the possibilities and methods of betterment. Rao ( 2008 ) studied the individuals with disablements enjoyed co-existence, though at different times, the intervention and attitudes were at discrepancy. Out of all the types of disablements, an rational disablement airss greater challenges than the other types. The households of individuals with rational disablements did besides have demands different from others, which can non be segregated from the demands of kids with rational disablement. The National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped had developed many service theoretical accounts and contributed toward human resource development and research. National Policy has besides considered as important the development of human resources for supplying instruction to all kids with disablements in the general instruction watercourse. Many mileposts have been left behind in the way, important accomplishments have been made and chances have been created for the handicapped. Fletcher ( 2009 ) studied the pupils with a schoolmate with serious emotional job experience decreases in first-grade trial tonss, particularly pupils in low-income schools and within schools utilizing school-level fixed effects specifications were qualitatively similar. The magnitude of the decrease in mathematics accomplishment was about 30-60 per centum of the size of the adjusted black-white accomplishment spread. Since about 10 per centum of the pupil population has a schoolmate with a serious emotional job, the aggregative consequence on trial tonss of the policy of including these pupils is potentially rather big. Nabeel ( 2009 ) stated that Department of particular instruction Allama Iqbal Open University ( AIOU ) through distance acquisition system offers study/training at alumnus, Masterss and Ph. D. degrees. Teachers are prepared in 6 specialised countries of ocular Impairment, physical disablements, hearing damage, rational disablement, larning disablement and inclusive instruction. Each pupil is assigned to a coach who is a capable specializer. The particular instructor readying theoretical account through distance instruction system is highlighted. Pasha ( 2009 ) assessed that no standardised method is being used for particular instruction. In Pakistan International Classification of Functioning has emerged as a standardised method for mensurating wellness and disablement at both single and population a degree. He explored the range of ICF in the field of particular instruction and has established links between ICF classs and course of study countries, schoolroom activities and larning aims for bettering the quality of instruction. Further research has been recommended to happen solutions to get the better of the initial jobs in accommodating ICF model in the field of Particular Education in Pakistan.VI. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe proposed survey will be conducted in three Government particular instruction centres viz. D.G.Khan, Sakhi Sarwar and Kot Chutta of Tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan. A sample of 40 handicapped pupils will be selected through simple random trying technique from each particular instruction centre. Thus a sample of 12 0 respondents will be interviewed with the aid of good structured questionnaire. Data will be analyzed by appropriate statistical technique. The information obtained will be utilized to better particular instruction of disable kids.LITERATURE CITED:Alam, A. , H. Noureen, N. Akhtar, M. Imran, I. Iqbal and M. Jamil. 2005. Behavior of parents towards physically handicapped kids. J. Agri. Soc. Sci. 1 ( 1 ) : 1813-2235. Ali, A. K. 2003. A historical and appraising survey of particular instruction in Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi. Coenen, M. , A. Cieza, T.A. Stamm, E. Amann, B. Kollerits and G. Stucki. 2006. Validation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and wellness arthritis research & A ; therapy 8 ( 4 ) 35-47. David, T.1978. The societal psychological science of childhood disablement, Methuen and co. Ltd. London, 11 ( 4 ) 112-113. Fletcher, J. M. 2009. The Effects Of inclusion on schoolmates of pupils with particular demands: The instance of serious emotional jobs. A Edu. Fin. Ass. 4 ( 3 ) : 278-299. Gallagher, J. J. 1994. The pull of social forces on particular instruction. J. of Special Edu, 27 ( 2 ) :521-530. Hussain, A. and I.Juyal. 2007. Stress assessment and get bying schemes among parents of physically challenged kids. jamia millia islamia, new Delhi j. of the Indian academy of applied psychological science. 33 ( 2 ) :179 -182. Kazimi, A. B. 2007. A critical analysis of the emphasis bring oning factors in particular and inclusive instruction system. J.Manag. Soc. Sci.3 ( 2 ) : 87-93. Kitchener, N. , M. Khalaf, A. Raouf, and N. Nagy. 2005. Behavioral upset in multiple disabled Egyptian kids. the international J. of child neuropsychiatry. 2 ( 1 ) : 89-96. Mext.2002. Particular Support Education in Japan, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/tokubetu/03110701/002.pdf Molnara, I. T. , T. Radvanyib and E. Kovacsb. 2008. The use of altered ict in the instruction of kids with particular educational demand in different states of Europe. Ann. Math et inf. 35: 189-204. Nabeel, T. 2009. Teacher instruction for distance acquisition based particular instruction in Pakistan.j.Dis.Edu.10 ( 1 ) :83-95. Pasha, S. 2009. Scope of icf in particular instruction in Pakistan. J. Of research and contemplations in edu. 3 ( 1 ) : 34-48. Rao, L. G. 2008. Education of individuals with rational disablements in India. Salud Publica Mex. 50 ( 2 ) : 205-212. Welch, M. 1989. A cultural position and the 2nd moving ridge of educational reform. J. of Learning Disabilities. 22 ( 3 ) : 537-540. Student: Hammad Ahmad ______________Supervisory Committee:Ms. Sumaira Bano ( Chairperson ) _______________ Mr. Muhammad Ali Tarar ( Member ) _______________ Mr. Muhammad Ali ( Member ) _______________Forwarded:Head of SectionSocial Sciences and Rural Development College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan.Scrutiny commission:a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€  a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a ) Dr. Shafqat Nawaz B ) Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Maqboola†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€  a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ degree Celsius ) Mr. Muhammad Shahid Nisar vitamin D ) Dr. Fida HussainForwarded:a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ a†Ã‹â€ PrincipalCollege of Agriculture Dera Ghazi Khan Sub-Campus University of Agriculture Faisalabad

American Civil War essays

American Civil War essays The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic proportion. Never before and not since have so many Americans died in battle. The American Civil War was truly tragic in terms of human life. In this document, I will speak mainly around those involved on the battlefield in the closing days of the conflict. Also, reference will be made to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate The war was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had shrunk extremely in size. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, New York: Charles L. Webster Co.,1894) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the happenings and events between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of The Confederate States of America. All of this will most certainly illustrate that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a tragedy. In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the city of Atlanta of its civilian population then rested ever so briefly. It was from there that General Sherman and his army began its famous "march to the sea". The march covered a diezce of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide on the way. For 32 days no news of him reached the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on what ever they could get from the country through which they passed. On their route, the army destroyed anything and everything that they could not use...

Quantifier - Definition and Examples

Quantifier s In grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). A complex quantifier is a phrase (such as a lot of) that functions as a quantifier. Examples and Observations I believe that every person is born with talent.  (Maya Angelou)Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with short steps. (Hans Christian Andersen, in the instructions for the music for his funeral)Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason: they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. (Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, or Many things in Few Words, 1820)All politicians should have three hats: one to throw into the ring, one to talk through, and one to pull rabbits out of if elected. (Carl Sandburg)Ive had a lot of worries in my life, most of which never happened. (attributed to Mark Twain, among others) Meanings of Quantifiers Quantifiers can be classified in terms of their meaning. Some quantifiers have a meaning of inclusiveness. That is, they refer to an entire group. Both refers to two members of a group of two, few to a subgroup of the entire group, and all to the totality of members of a group of unspecified size. Every and each refer to single members of a group. The difference between all, a few, and both on the one hand and each and every, is reflected in subject-verb agreement​Other quantifiers are noninclusive and have a meaning related to size or quantity. These quantifiers can be classified by the relative size they indicate. For example, many and much refer to large quantities, some to a moderate quantity, and little and few to small quantities . . .. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Partitives and Quantifiers: Agreement There is, in fact, a somewhat fuzzy distinction between partitive structures and inclusives and Quantifiers formed with of. In a clause such as a lot of students have arrived it is the noun students which determines number agreement on the Finite (have - plural). It is not normally possible to say *a lot of students has arrived. Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier. Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier. . . .For beginning learners, it may be best to introduce expressions such as a lot of and a number of as complex Quantifiers but in other cases to err on the prescriptive side and encourage agreement with the noun preceding of. (Graham Lock, Functional English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Quantifiers Count nouns (e.g. diamond, bottle, book, board, waiter, table, cat, bush, truck, house) and mass nouns (e.g. gold, coffee, paper, wood, meat, air, water, coal, smoke, blood, wine) differ grammatically in the range of articles and quantifiers they occur with. For instance, count nouns occur with the indefinite article a but not with the complex quantifier a lot of: a diamond, *a lot of diamond. Mass nouns do the opposite: a lot of gold, *a gold. (Ronald W. Langacker, Linguistic Manifestations of the Space-Time (Dis)Analogy. Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition, ed. by Luna Filipović and Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt. John Benjamins, 2012) Zero Plurals After numerals or quantifiers, count nouns may have a zero plural (the same form as in the singular): thirty year, many mile.​  (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Also Known As: quantifying determiner

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 7

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 7 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chapter 7 marks the climax of The Great Gatsby. Twice as long as every other chapter, it first ratchets up the tension of the Gatsby-Daisy-Tom triangle to a breaking point in a claustrophobic scene at the Plaza Hotel, and then ends with the grizzly gut punch of Myrtle’s death. Read our full summary ofThe Great Gatsby Chapter 7to see how all dreams die, only to be replaced with a grim and cynical reality. Image: Helmut Ellgaard/Wikipedia Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 7Summary Suddenly one Saturday, Gatsby doesn't throw a party. When Nick comes over to see why, Gatsby has a new butler who rudely sends Nick away. It turns out that Gatsby has replaced all of his servants with ones sent over by Wolfshiem. Gatsby explains that this is because Daisy comes over every afternoon to continue their affair - he needs them to be discreet. Gatsby invites Nick to Daisy's house for lunch. The plan is for Daisy and Gatsby to tell Tom about their relationship, and for Daisy to leave Tom. The next day it is extremely hot. Nick and Gatsby show up to have lunch with Daisy, Jordan, and Tom.Tom is on the phone, seemingly arguing with someone about the car. Daisy assumes that he is only pretending, and that he is actually talking to Myrtle. While Tom is out of the room, Daisy kisses Gatsby on the mouth. The nanny brings Tom and Daisy's daughter into the room and Gatsby is shocked to realize that the child actually exists and is real. Tom and Gatsby go outside, and Gatsby points out that it's his house is directly across the bay from theirs. Everyone is restless and nervous. From the way Daisy looks at and talks to Gatsby, Tom suddenly figures out that she and Gatsby are having an affair. Daisy asks to go into Manhattan and Tom agrees, insisting that they go immediately. He gets a bottle of whiskey to bring with them.There is a short, but crucial,argument about who will take which car. In the end, Tom takes Nick and Jordan in Gatsby's car while Gatsby takes Daisy in Tom's car. On the drive, Tom explains to Nick and Jordan that he's been investigating Gatsby, which Jordan laughs off.They stop for gas at Wilson's gas station. Tom shows off Gatsby's car, pretending it's his own. Wilson complains about being sick and again asks for Tom’s car because he needs money fast (the assumption is that he will resell it at a profit). Wilson explains the he's figured out that Myrtle is cheating on him, so he's taking her the way from New York to a different state. Glad that Wilson hasn't figured out who Myrtle is having the affair with, Tom says that he will sell Wilson his car as he promised. As they drive off, Nick sees Myrtle in an upstairs window staring at Tom and Jordan, whom she assumes to be his wife. (It’s critical to realize that Myrtle now also associates Tom with this yellow car.) It's still crazy hot when they get to Manhattan. Jordan suggests going to the movies, but they end up getting a suite at the Plaza Hotel.The hotel room is stifling, and they can hear the sounds of a wedding going on downstairs. The conversation is tense. Tom starts picking at Gatsby, but Daisy defends him.Tom accuses Gatsby of not actually being an Oxford man. Gatsby explains that he only went to Oxford for a short time because of a special program for officers after the war. This plausible-sounding explanation fills Nick with confidence about Gatsby. Suddenly Gatsby decides to tell Tom his version of the truth - that Daisy never loved Tom but has always only loved Gatsby.Tom calls Gatsby crazy and says that of course Daisy loves him - and that he loves her too even if he does cheat on her all the time. Gatsby demands that Daisy tell Tom that she has never loved him. Daisy can’t bring herself to do this, and instead said that she has loved them both. This crushes Gatsby. Tom starts revealing what he knows about Gatsby from his investigation. It turns out that Gatsby's money comes from illegal sales of alcohol in drugstores, just as Tom had predicted when he first met him. Tom has a friend who tried to go into business with Gatsby and Wolfshiem. Through him, Tom knows that bootlegging is only part of the criminal activity that Gatsby is involved in. These revelations cause Daisy to shut down, and no matter how much Gatsby tries to defend himself, she is disillusioned. She asks Tom to take her home. Tom's last power play is to tell Gatsby to take Daisy home instead, knowing that leaving them alone together now does not pose any threat to him or his marriage. Gatsby and Daisy drive home in Gatsby’s car. Tom, Nick, and Jordan drive home together in Tom's car. The narration now switches to Nick repeating evidence given at an inquest (a legal proceeding to gather facts surrounding a death) by Michaelis, who runs a coffee shop next to Wilson's garage. That evening Wilson had explained to Michaelisthat he had locked up Myrtle in order to keep an eye on her until they moved away in a couple of days. Michaelis was shocked to hear this, because usually Wilson was a meek man. When Michaelis left, he heard Myrtle and Wilson fighting. Then Myrtle ran out into the street toward a car coming from New York. The car hit her and drove off, and by the time Michaelis reached her on the ground, she was dead. The narration switches back to Nick's point of view, as Tom, Nick, and Jordan are driving back from Manhattan. They pull up to the accident site. At first, Tom jokes about Wilson getting some business at last, but when he sees the situation is serious, he stops the car and runs over to Myrtle's body. Tom asks a policeman for details of the accident. When he realizes that witnesses can identify the yellow car that hit Myrtle, he worries that Wilson, who saw him in that car earlier that afternoon, will finger him to the police. Tom grabs Wilson and tells him that the yellow car that hit Myrtle is not Tom's, and that he was only driving it before giving it back to its owner. As they drive away from the scene, Tom sobs in the car. Back at his house, Tom invites Nick and Jordan inside. Nick is sickened by the whole thing and turns to go. Jordan also asks Nick to come inside. When he refuses again, she goes in. As Nick is walking away, he sees Gatsby lurking in the bushes. Nick suddenly sees him as a criminal. As they discuss what happened, Nick realizes that it was actually Daisy who was driving the car, meaning that it was Daisy who killed Myrtle. Gatsby makes it sound like she had to choose between getting into a head-on collision with another car coming the other way on the road or hitting Myrtle, and at the last secondchose to hit Myrtle. Gatsby seems to have no feelings at all about the dead woman, and instead only worries about what Daisyand how she will react. Gatsby says that he will take the blame for driving the car. Gatsby says that he is lurking in the dark to make sure that Daisy is safe from Tom, who he worries might treat her badly when he finds out what happened. Nick goes back to the house to investigate, and sees Tom and Daisy having an intimate conspiratorial moment together in the kitchen. It's clear that once again Gatsby has fundamentally misunderstood Tom and Daisy's relationship. Nick leaves Gatsby alone. It’s amazing how immediately suspect and creepy Gatsby becomes once Nick turns on him. Has our narrator been spinning Gatsby’s behavior from the get-go? Key Chapter 7 Quotes Then she remembered the heat and sat down guiltily on the couch just as a freshly laundered nurse leading a little girl came into the room. "Bles-sed pre-cious," she crooned, holding out her arms. "Come to your own mother that loves you." The child, relinquished by the nurse, rushed across the room and rooted shyly into her mother's dress. "The Bles-sed pre-cious! Did mother get powder on your old yellowy hair? Stand up now, and say How-de-do." Gatsby and I in turn leaned down and took the small reluctant hand. Afterward he kept looking at the child with surprise. I don't think he had ever really believed in its existence before. (7.48-52) This is our first and only chance to see Daisy performing motherhood. And "performing" is the right word, since everything about Daisy's actions here rings a little false and her cutesy sing song a little bit like an act. The presence of the nurse makes it clear that, like many upper-class women of the time, Daisy does not actually do any child rearing. At the same time, this is the exact moment when Gatsby is delusional dreams start breaking down. The shock and surprise that he experiences when he realizes that Daisy really does have a daughter with Tom show how little he has thought about the fact the Daisy has had a life of her own outside of him for the last five years. The existence of the child is proof of Daisy's separate life, and Gatsby simply cannot handle then she is not exactly as he has pictured her to be. Finally, here we can see how Pammyis being bred for her life as a future â€Å"beautiful little fool†, as Daisy put it. As Daisy’s makeup rubs onto Pammy's hair, Daisy prompts her reluctant daughter to be friendly to two strange men. "What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon," cried Daisy, "and the day after that, and the next thirty years?" "Don't be morbid," Jordan said. "Life starts all over again when it gets crisp in the fall."(7.74-75) Comparing and contrasting Daisy and Jordan) is one of the most common assignments that you will get when studying this novel. This very famous quotation is a great place to start. Daisy's attempt at a joke reveals her fundamental boredom and restlessness. Despite the fact that she has social standing, wealth, and whatever material possessions she could want, she is not happy in her endlessly monotonous and repetitive life. This existential ennui goes a long way to helping explain why she seizes on Gatsby as an escape from routine. On the other hand, Jordan is a pragmatic and realistic person, who grabs opportunities and who sees possibilities and even repetitive cyclical moments of change. For example here, although fall and winterare most often linked to sleep and death, whereas it is spring that is usually seen as the season of rebirth, for Jordan any change brings with it the chance for reinvention and new beginnings. "She's got an indiscreet voice," I remarked. "It's full of- - " I hesitated. "Her voice is full of money," he said suddenly. That was it. I'd never understood before. It was full of money- that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it. . . . High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl. . . . (7.103-106) Here we are getting to the root of what it is really that attracts Gatsby so much to Daisy. Nick notes that the way Daisy speaks to Gatsby is enough to reveal their relationship to Tom. Once again we see the powerful attraction of Daisy's voice. For Nick, this voice is full of â€Å"indiscretion,† an interesting word that at the same time brings to mind the revelation of secrets and the disclosure of illicit sexual activity. Nick has used this word in this connotation before - when describing Myrtle in Chapter 2he uses the word â€Å"discreet† several times to explain the precautions she takes to hide her affair with Tom. But for Gatsby, Daisy's voice does not hold this sexy allure, as much as it does the promise of wealth, which has been his overriding ambition and goal for most of his life. To him, her voice marks her as a prize to be collected. This impression is further underscored by the fairy tale imagery that follows the connection of Daisy's voice to money. Much like princesses who is the end of fairy tales are given as a reward to plucky heroes, so too Daisy is Gatsby's winnings, an indication that he has succeeded. "You think I'm pretty dumb, don't you?" he suggested. "Perhaps I am, but I have a- almost a second sight, sometimes, that tells me what to do. Maybe you don't believe that, but science- - " (7.123) Nick never sees Tom as anything other than a villain; however, it is interesting that only Tom immediately sees Gatsby for the fraud that he turns out to be. Almost from the get-go, Tom calls it that Gatsby's money comes from bootlegging or some other criminal activity. It is almost as though Tom's life of lies gives him special insight into detecting the lies of others. The relentless beating heat was beginning to confuse me and I had a bad moment there before I realized that so far his suspicions hadn't alighted on Tom. He had discovered that Myrtle had some sort of life apart from him in another world and the shock had made him physically sick. I stared at him and then at Tom, who had made a parallel discovery less than an hour before- and it occurred to me that there was no difference between men, in intelligence or race, so profound as the difference between the sick and the well. Wilson was so sick that he looked guilty, unforgivably guilty- as if he had just got some poor girl with child. (7.160) You will also often be asked to compare Tom and Wilson, two characters who share some plot details in common.This passage, which explicitly contrasts these two men's reactions to finding out their wives are having affairs, is a great place to start. Tom’s response to Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship isto immediately do everything to display his power. He forces a trip to Manhattan, demands that Gatsby explain himself, systematically dismantles the careful image and mythology that Gatsby has created, and finally makes Gatsby drive Daisy home to demonstrate how little he has to fear from them being alone together. Wilson also tries to display power. But he is so unused to wielding it that his best effort is to lock Myrtle up and then to listen to her emasculating insults and provocations. Moreover, rather than relaxing under this power trip, Wilson becomes physically ill, feeling guilty both abouthis part in driving his wife away and aboutmanhandling her into submission. Finally, it is interesting that Nick renders these reactions as health-related. Whose response does Nick view as â€Å"sick† and whose as â€Å"well†? It is tempting to connect Wilson’s bodily response to the word â€Å"sick,† but the ambiguity is purposeful. Is it sicker in this situation to take a power-hungry delight in eviscerating a rival, Tom-style, or to be overcome on a psychosomatic level, like Wilson? "Self control!" repeated Tom incredulously. "I suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife. Well, if that's the idea you can count me out. . . . Nowadays people begin by sneering at family life and family institutions and next they'll throw everything overboard and have intermarriage between black and white." Flushed with his impassioned gibberish he saw himself standing alone on the last barrier of civilization. "We're all white here," murmured Jordan. "I know I'm not very popular. I don't give big parties. I suppose you've got to make your house into a pigsty in order to have any friends- in the modern world." Angry as I was, as we all were, I was tempted to laugh whenever he opened his mouth. The transition from libertine to prig was so complete. (7.229-233) Nick is happy whenever he gets to demonstrate how undereducated and dumb Tom actually is. Here, Tom’s anger at Daisy and Gatsby is somehow transformed into a self-pitying and faux righteous rant about miscegenation, loose morals, and the decay of stalwart institutions. We see the connection between Jordan and Nick when both of them puncture Tom’s pompous balloon: Jordan points out that race isn’t really at issue at the moment, and Nick laughs at the hypocrisy of a womanizer like Tom suddenly lamenting his wife’s lack of prim propriety. "She never loved you, do you hear?" he cried. "She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me. It was a terrible mistake, but in her heart she never loved any one except me!" (7.241) Gatsby throws caution to the wind and reveals the story that he has been telling himself about Daisy all this time. In his mind, Daisy has been pining for him as much as he has been longing for her, and he has been able to explain her marriage to himself simply by eliding any notion that she might have her own hopes, dreams, ambitions, and motivations. Gatsby has been propelled for the last five years by the idea that he has access to what is in Daisy's heart. However, we can see that a dream built on this kind of shifting sand is at best wishful thinking and at worst willful self-delusion. "Daisy, that's all over now," he said earnestly. "It doesn't matter any more. Just tell him the truth- that you never loved him- and it's all wiped out forever." ... She hesitated. Her eyes fell on Jordan and me with a sort of appeal, as though she realized at last what she was doing- and as though she had never, all along, intended doing anything at all. But it was done now. It was too late†¦. "Oh, you want too much!" she cried to Gatsby. "I love you now- isn't that enough? I can't help what's past." She began to sob helplessly. "I did love him once- but I loved you too." Gatsby's eyes opened and closed. "You loved me too?" he repeated. (7.254-266) Gatsby wants nothing less than that Daisy erase the last five years of her life. He is unwilling to accept the idea that Daisy has had feelings for someone other than him, that she has had a history that does not involve him, and that she has not spent every single second of every day wondering when he would come back into her life. His absolutism is a form of emotional blackmail. For all Daisy's evident weaknesses, it is a testament to her psychological strength that she is simply unwilling to recreate herself, her memories, and her emotions in Gatsby's image. She could easily at this point say thatshe has never loved Tom, but this would not be true, and she does not want to give up her independence of mind. Unlike Gatsby, who against all evidence to the contrary believes that you can repeat the past, Daisy wants to know that there is a future. She wants Gatsby to be the solution to her worries about each successive future day, rather than an imprecation about the choices she has made to get to this point. At the same time, it's key to note Nick’s realization that Daisy â€Å"had never intended on doing anything at all.† Daisy has never planned to leave Tom. We've known this ever since the first time we saw them at the end of Chapter 1, when herealized that they were cemented together in their dysfunction. It passed, and he began to talk excitedly to Daisy, denying everything, defending his name against accusations that had not been made. But with every word she was drawing further and further into herself, so he gave that up and only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away, trying to touch what was no longer tangible, struggling unhappily, undespairingly, toward that lost voice across the room. (7.292) The appearance of Daisy's daughter and Daisy’s declaration that at some point in her life she loved Tom have both helped to crush Gatsby's obsession with his dream. In just the same way, Tom's explanations about who Gatsby really is and what is behind his facade have broken Daisy's infatuation. Take note of the language here – as Daisy is withdrawing from Gatsby, we come back to the image of Gatsby with his arms outstretched, trying to grab something that is just out of reach. In this case it's not just Daisy herself, but also his dream of being with her inside his perfect memory. "Beat me!" he heard her cry. "Throw me down and beat me, you dirty little coward!" (7.314) Myrtle fights by provoking and taunting. Here, she is pointing out Wilson’s weak and timid nature by egging him on to treat her the way that Tom did when he punched her earlier in the novel. However, before we draw whatever conclusions we can about Myrtle from this exclamation, it’s worthwhile to think about the context of this remark. First, we are getting this speech third-hand. This is Nick telling us what Michaelis described overhearing, so Myrtle’s words have gone through a double male filter. Second, Myrtle’s words stand in isolation. We have no idea what Wilson has been saying to her to provoke this attack. What we do know is that however â€Å"powerless† Wilson might be, he still has power enough to imprison his wife in their house and to unilaterally uproot and move her several states away against her will. Neither Nick nor Michaelis remarks on whether either of these exercises of unilateral power over Myrtle is appropriate or fair - it is simply expected that this is what a husband can do to a wife. So what do we make of the fact that Myrtle was trying to verbally emasculate her husband? Maybe yelling at him is her only recourse in a life where she has no actual ability to control her life or bodily integrity. The "death car" as the newspapers called it, didn't stop; it came out of the gathering darkness, wavered tragically for a moment and then disappeared around the next bend. Michaelis wasn't even sure of its color- he told the first policeman that it was light green. The other car, the one going toward New York, came to rest a hundred yards beyond, and its driver hurried back to where Myrtle Wilson, her life violently extinguished, knelt in the road and mingled her thick, dark blood with the dust. Michaelis and this man reached her first but when they had torn open her shirtwaist still damp with perspiration, they saw that her left breast was swinging loose like a flap and there was no need to listen for the heart beneath. The mouth was wide open and ripped at the corners as though she had choked a little in giving up the tremendous vitality she had stored so long. (7.316-317) The stark contrast here between the oddly ghostly nature of the car that hits Myrtle and the visceral, gruesome, explicit imagery of what happens to her body after it is hit is very striking. The car almost doesn’t seem real – it comes out of the darkness like an avenging spirit and disappears, Michaelis cannot tell what color it is. Meanwhile, Myrtle’s corpse is described in detail and is palpably physical and present. This treatment of Myrtle’s body might be one place to go when you are asked to compare Daisy and Myrtle in class. Daisy’s body is never even described, beyond a gentle indication that she prefers white dresses that are flouncy and loose. On the other hand, every time that we see Myrtle in the novel, her bodyis physically assaulted or appropriated. Tom initially picks her up by pressing his body inappropriately into hers on the train station platform. Before her party, Tomhas sex with her while Nick (a man who is a stranger to Myrtle) waits in the next room, and then Tom ends the night by punching her in the face. Finally, she is restrained by her husband inside her house and then run over. Daisy and Tom were sitting opposite each other at the kitchen table with a plate of cold fried chicken between them and two bottles of ale. He was talking intently across the table at her and in his earnestness his hand had fallen upon and covered her own. Once in a while she looked up at him and nodded in agreement. They weren't happy, and neither of them had touched the chicken or the ale- and yet they weren't unhappy either. There was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together. (7.409-410) And so, the promise that Daisy and Tom are a dysfunctional couple that somehow makes it work (Nick saw this at the end of Chapter 1)is fulfilled. For careful readers of the novel, this conclusion should have been clear from the get-go. Daisy complains about Tom, and Tom serially cheats on Daisy, but at the end of the day, they are unwilling to forgo the privileges their life entitles them to. This moment of truth has stripped Daisy and Tom down to the basics. They are in the least showy room of their mansion, sitting with simple and unpretentious food, and they have been stripped of their veneer. Their honesty makes what they are doing - conspiring to get away with murder, basically - completely transparent. And it is the fact that they can tolerate this level of honesty in each other besides each being kind of a terrible person that keeps them together. Compare their readiness to forgive each other anything - even murder! - with Gatsby’s insistence that it’s his way or no way. The image of Tom and Daisy holding hands, while discussing how to flee after Daisy kills Myrtle, is the crux of their relationship. They are willing to forgive each other everything. Are they secretly the most romantic couple in the book? The Great GatsbyChapter 7 Analysis It's no surprise that this very long, emotional, and shocking chapter is laced through with the themes ofThe Great Gatsby. Let's take a look. Overarching Themes Morality and Ethics. In this chapter, suspicion of crime is everywhere: Gatsby’s new butler has a â€Å"villainous† (7.2) face a woman worries that Nick is out to steal her purse on the train Gatsby lurks around outside the Buchanans’ mansion like â€Å"he was going to rob the house in a moment† (7.384) Daisy and Tom sit and conspire together at the kitchen table This air of the illegal heightens the actual crimes that take place or are revealed in the chapter: Gatsby is a bootlegger (or worse) Daisy kills Myrtle Gatsby hides the car with its evidence of the accident Daisy and Tom decide to get away with murder This descent into the dark side of the Wild East (contrasted with Nick's version of the calm and strictly above-board Middle West) reveals the novel’s perspective on the excesses of the time period. It is interesting that the vast majority of the crime or near crime that is described is theft – the taking of someone else’s property. The same desires that spur the ambitious to come to Manhattan to try to make something of themselves also incite those who are willing to do the kind of corner-cutting that results in criminality. Only Daisy, who is already so established that theft is unnecessary to her, takes crime to the next level. Love, Desire, Relationships. Just as crime is everywhere, so too is illicit sexuality. However, the heat and tension seem to reverse the behavioral tendencies of the characters we have come to know over the course of six chapters. The usually reserved Nick wonders about his train conductor and â€Å"whose flushed lips he kissed, whose head made damp the pajama pocket over his heart† (7.23). He also makes a dirty joke about the Buchanans’ butler having to yell over the phone that he simply cannot send Tom’s body to Myrtle in this heat. The usuallypassive Daisy kisses Gatsby on the mouth in front of Nick and Jordan in a display of rebellion. Later she calls Tom out on his euphemistic description of the times he cheated on her right after their honeymoon as a â€Å"spree† (7.252), a word that just means â€Å"fun good time.† On the other hand, the womanizing Tom primly and hypocritically rants about the downfall of morality and the possibility that people of different races will be allowed to intermarry. Similarly, the normally weak and ineffectual Wilson overpowers his wife enough to lock her up when he finds out about the affair she’s been having. He also feels as bad about the situation as if he had gotten a woman pregnant by accident. Everyone’s desire for someone who is not their spouse is underscored by the way that an ongoing wedding is continuously described as deeply unappealing throughout the chapter. Eventually, the wedding music pops up in the middle of the climactic argument like this: â€Å"From the ballroom beneath, muffled and suffocating chords were drifting up on hot waves of air† (7.261). Married life is suffocating, and these characters spend significant energies trying to break free. Motifs: Weather. The overwhelming heat of the day plays a vital role in creating an atmosphere of stifled, sweaty, uncomfortable breathlessness. Each scene’s overwhelming tension and awkwardness arefurther heightened by the physical discomfort that everyone is experiencing (it’s also key to remember that being hot and slightly dehydrated elevates the level of intoxication that a person feels, these characters pour back whiskey after whiskey). The hot mugginess ratchets up anger and resentment, and also seems to elevate the recklessness with which people are willing to expose and pursue their sexual desires. So crucial is this atmospheric element, that every movie adaptation of this novel makes sure that the actors are covered in sweat during these scenes, making it almost as uncomfortable to watch them as it is to imagine making it through that day. Here’s a quick clip that shows you what I mean. Mutability of Identity. It is fitting that just as lots of wool is removed from lots of eyes, as Gatsby is source of wealth is revealed, and as Daisy is shown not to be the fairytale figment of Gatsby’s imagination, the idea of faà §ades, false impressions, and mistaken identity is front and center. First, on this blisteringly hot day, Daisy is entranced by Gatsby’s projecting an image of looking â€Å"so cool† and resembling â€Å"the advertisement of the man† (7.81-83). Gatsby’s glossy appearance is perfect but also clearly shallow and fake, like an ad. Later, Myrtle seethes with jealousy when she sees Tom driving next to Jordan, and assumes that Jordan is Daisy. This case of mistaken identity contributes to her death, as she assumes that Tom would be driving the same car back from the city that he took there. Third, Daisy and Jordan remember a man named Biloxi who talked his way into Daisy and Tom’s wedding, and then talked his way into staying at Jordan’s house for three weeks as he recuperated from a fainting spell. Their memories make clear that his entire story about himself was a sham – a sham that worked, until it didn’t, like the faà §ades of the main characters in the story. Fourth, Wilson briefly assumes that Michaelis is Myrtle’s lover. His failure to understand who it is that is a really having an affair with his wife leads to the novel’s second murder. The Treatment of Women. Also key this chapter are women characters. First, there is the pairing of Daisy and Jordan, whose outlooks on life are confirmed to be diametrically opposed. Daisy is rich, overindulged, and endlessly bored with her monotonously luxurious life. She grabs on to the romance with Gatsby is a possible escape, but is soonconfronted with the reality of the perfect, idealized being that he would like her to be. Daisy realizes that she prefers the safe boredom and casual betrayal of Tom to the unrealistic expectations – and thus inevitable disappointment – of being with Gatsby. Her fundamental cowardice is a better fit for Tom, as we find out after the car accident when she kills Myrtle. It’s Tom who offers her complicity, understanding, and a return to stability. On the other hand, Jordan is a pragmatist who sees opportunity and possibility everywhere. This makes her attractive to Nick, who likes that she is self-contained, calm, cynical, and unlikely to be overly emotional. However, this approach to life means that Jordan is basically amoral, as revealed in this chapter by her almost complete lack of reaction to Myrtle’s death, and her assumption that life at the Buchanan house will go on as normal. For Nick, who clings to his sense of himself as a deeply decent human being, this is a dealbreaker. Next, we have the comparison between Daisy and Myrtle, two women whose marriages dissatisfy them enough that they seek out other lovers. There are many ways to compare them, but in this chapter in particular what seems important is whether each woman is able to maintain coherence and integrity. What Gatsby wants from Daisy is a complete erasure of her mind, history, and emotions, so that she will match his weirdly flat and idealized notion of her. By demanding that she renounce ever having had feelings for Tom, Gatsby wants to deny her fundamental sense of self-knowledge. Daisy refuses to compromise herself in this way and so is able to maintain psychological integrity. On the other hand, Myrtle, whose physicality has always been her most defining feature, ends up losing even the most basic integrity – bodily integrity – as her body is not only ripped open when she is hit by a car, but this mutilation is witnessed by many people and then also graphically described. Finally, we can look at all three women in terms of whether and how they are controlled by the men in their lives, and whether and how they escape that control. Jordan’s cool aloofness prevents her from being trapped in the same way that Myrtle and Daisy are. Despite even her admission later that breaking up with Nick hurt her feelings, we certainly get the sense that Jordan could take him or leave him. She retains a lot of power in their relationship. For example, when Nick suddenly freaks out about turning 30, she shows him how to be â€Å"too wise ever to carry well-forgotten dreams from age to age† (7.308) and by putting her hand over his with â€Å"reassuring pressure† (7.308). Neither of the other two women is ever on top even in this very mild way. For example, Tom, who is used to putting his hands on people as a way of showing his power over them (in this chapter he does it to the policeman, and then to Wilson), puts his hand over Daisy’s at the end of the chapter to indicate that she is back within his circle of control. But at least Daisy’s escape attempt led her to Gatsby’s presumably gentlemanly treatment. The same can’t be said for Myrtle, who goes from bad to worse, as she escapes her marriage to have an affair with Tom, who feels free to beat her, and then is forced to return to her husband, who feels free to imprison and forcibly remove her from her home. Death and Failure. Death comes in many forms, both metaphorical and horribly real. Of course, the primary death in this chapter is that of Myrtle, gruesomely killed by Daisy. But this is also the chapter where dreams come to die. Gatsby’s fantasy of Daisy undergoes a slow demise when he meets her daughter, and when he learns that she is simply unwilling to renounce her entire history with Tom for Gatsby’s sake. Similarly, any romantic ideas Daisy may have had about Gatsby vanish when she learns that he is a criminal. New York’s Plaza Hotel, famous for being the place where Eloise lives in those kids books, and for being the setting for this novel’s scene of confrontation. Crucial Character Beats Gatsby stops throwing parties at his house and instead carries on an affair with Daisy. Nick, Gatsby,Daisy, Jordan, and Tom have lunch together and decide to go to Manhattan for the day to escape the heat. Both Tom and Wilson realize that their wives are having affairs; however, only Tom knows who Daisy's affair is with. Wilson decides to take Myrtle to live somewhere else. Nick, Gatsby, Daisy, Jordan, and Tom end up in a suite at the Plaza Hotel where everything comes tumbling into the open. Gatsby and Daisy admit that they've been having an affair, Gatsby demands that Daisy tell Tom that she has never loved him. Daisy cannot do this, and Gatsby's dreams are dashed. Gatsby and Daisy drive home together. On the way, with Daisy driving the car, they hit and kill Myrtle, who is trying to escape being imprisoned in her house by Wilson. Gatsby decides to take the blame for the accident, but doesn’t quite realize that it is all over between him and Daisy. Daisy and Tom have an intimate moment together as they figure out what they are going to do next. What’s Next? Compare the novel’s four trips into Manhattan: Nick at Myrtle’s party in Chapter 2, Nick’s description of what it’s like to be a single guy around town at the end of Chapter 3, Nick at lunch with Gatsby in Chapter 4, and insanity at the Plaza in this chapter. Does Manhattan affect the way the characters behave? Does it make them more or less likely to act out to be there? Do they feel comfortable there? Explore this chapter’s many significant motifs: Tom’s insistence on everyone drinking, the ridiculously hot weather, Jordan’s calm excitement about the fall season, dangerous cars, and the strangely invasive music from the hotel wedding. Move on to the summary of Chapter 8, or revisit the summary of Chapter 6. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and Essay

What are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and socially responsible business practice - Essay Example The smaller versions of such corporations are still present and not to mention relevant in the society but they have had the doors opened in terms of the possible heights that can be scaled (Habisch et. al 2005). It is with this in mind that there has arose a need to shed light on certain issues such as control and regulation of these business entities to ensure that there is no negative backlash from their activities. It is essential that a corporation not only remain profitable, but serve the society as well so as to live in harmony within its environment. Two subjects that can be said to have attempted to breach this matter is the emergence of business ethics as well as the social responsibility. These two topics have grown in intensity as they have served to provide a viable solution in which the business community can take part in their regulation working together with independent bodies. The issue of maintaining ethical business practices by corporations has become an interesti ng subject as though the concept is appealing, the practical implications in some cases may tend to cause profit hungry conglomerates to shy away from such measures. There are two good examples that can be taken as case studies in recent years and thus portray the value of business ethics and social responsibility. One such case is that Of the BP oil spill that caused a lot of damage to the environment when it happened. The clean up and rehabilitation of the animals there was part of the company showing the Social responsibility it had to the society. The organization was also fined heavily for the part they played in the accident. Another case is that of the horsemeat scandal that was uncovered in the UK involving Tesco industries. This situation is a portrayal of what could have been avoided should the organization have decided to implement strict business ethics in their practice and operations. Doing what is best for the company does not always mean doing what is best for the society and the Tesco horsemeat scandal proves that. Business Ethics Business ethics can be described as the practice of maintaining ethical principles in the decision-m aking and operations of a company with regard to the effect that their actions may have on the society (Greenfield, 2006). It can be seen as the process of ensuring that businesses stay in line during their quest for profitability and that this objective does not hinder the advancement or progress of the surrounding community. Business ethics can be said to have been set up to ensure that companies behave in their day to day activities be they long or short term (Murphey et. al 2007). The ethics were developed in a bid to provide guidelines to the businesses on proper forms of interactions and inconsiderate trajectories. A number of external independent bodies that with the corporation of the involved corporations have strived to encourage the practice of these ethics by every business have backed the development. Business ethics can be considered to take up a wide range of issues as it deals with all aspects of a company with regard to their conduct and operations. This means that the business’Â  activities as a whole are not the only sections that will be evaluated and individual’s activities for example will be taken into consideration should they be acting as a representative of the corporation. The code of business ethics hopes to cover all scenarios in a bid to improve the interaction between the businesses and the society. This ensures a harmonic existence as mentioned earlier that allows both sides to flourish. Social Responsibility Social Responsibility refers to the relationship that an organization has with the members of the society in which they operate. A company should

Primate communication and language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primate communication and language - Essay Example One research shows one primate seeking the help of another primate to increase the communicating primate’s groom activities. The young primate gives a happy inviting sound to other young primates to play among the trees. One research shows the playing young primate raise their arms to indicate they want to play with the other nearby young primates (Pika 41). The research shows one playful chimpanzee poked the other young primate. The poking was a clear signal that the poking chimpanzee was inviting another chimpanzee to play. The communication language helps the nonhuman primates adapt to different environments. In the caring for the young environment, the researchers observed that the mother apes communicated by nodding their heads, similar to human nodding of heads to say no. The primate mother nods to stop their babies from playing with their food. The water seems to persuade the baby to eat the food. When the mother ape was climbing a tree with her baby hanging to her back for safety, the mother used this environment to shake her head as she looks at her baby. She communicates to the baby to stop her from climbing the tree. The mother fears that the baby may fall from the tree and crash down to her death. In another Arnhem Zoo research, the ape researcher observed during a close family get together environment that the mother shook her head. The mother is communicating to her baby not to approach a mad or bad mood male chimpanzee. The mother fears that the male chimpanzee may physically hurt the baby during times of anger, stress, or in a bad mood (Boos 278). The male chimpanzee may bring out his anger on the innocent and knowledge-wanting baby chimpanzee. During the environment of mating, the male gorillas hoot to make love overtures to their female gorilla members. The apes howl their message across to their group members. In another 2007 nonhuman primate survival research, the researchers observed that the young chimpanzee asked for food

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Immigration - Essay Example Wood (2004) sees domestic violence as a ‘crime that does not recognize racial, cultural, or socioeconomic barriers’. In brief, economic, cultural or political development of a given community does not automatically ensure the protection of the rights of women against being the victims of various types of gendered violence. Although domestic violence and other types of violence on women are prevalent among almost all the social groups, its nature and degree are different from community to community. Thus, the violence on immigrant women is so rampant and involves issues and concerns that are radically different from those pertaining to other social sections. It means that the social settings in which an immigrant woman is uniquely placed makes her more vulnerable for being the victim of various types and degrees of sexual and gendered violence than other sections of women citizenry. In addition, the conditions of undocumented immigrant women are even more exploitative and oppressive as they are systemically exempted from the cover of the law of the land. The introduction of Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994 has marked a turning point on the legal debate over the issue of increasing violence on immigrant women and its social consequences. The merits and drawbacks of the VAWA are on the focus of attention since its very introduction. Demands for amendments to the VAWA have been raised from around the corners for not only making it more effective but also casting off its perceived and real ills. Even, it is possible to identify a ‘VAWA discourse on the violence on immigrant women’ that encompasses almost all the possible aspects of the concerns pertaining to the human rights of immigrant women. The purpose of this paper is to overview the issues of immigration and the violence on immigrant women and analyzes it as a policy matter that must address unique social, political, economic, and cultural factors and include

Pay as Motivator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pay as Motivator - Essay Example Skinner's reinforcement theory (1953) is perhaps the foundation for every study on the matter. By stating that behaviour can be shaped, changed, or maintained through positive and negative reinforcement, he implied that people can be made to behave in certain ways using levers of motivation. Later studies merely attempted to find what those levers were. Maslow (1954) proposed five levers he called human needs, with the lowest being physiological, and self-actualisation the highest; in between are the safety, social, and esteem needs. He said meeting these needs is the motivational key, which leads others to ask: if pay helps meet each of these needs, why is it that even highly-paid CEOs continue to milk their corporate cow, sometimes fatally Pay does not seem to give the complete answer. Perhaps Herzberg (1959) had an answer in his hygiene and motivational factors. He argued that a worker would be satisfied if the motivation factors are met, but not if hygiene factors are unmet. However, hygiene factors do not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. And like these other content theories, MacGregor's (1960) simplistic categorisation of employees does not fully explain the behaviour of greedy managers who used to be honest. An interesting trilogy of process theories (Adams, 1963; Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968) goes beyond the tangible and crosses the line into the realm of the mystical. Balance (Adams's Equity Theory), values and beliefs (the expectancy and instrumentality of Vroom), and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler) point out that money is important, but there are others of greater value that managers need to know about workers so they can trigger the right behaviour. Fifteen years (1953-1968) of research concluded that to motivate others, one has to find out why people do the things they do. And now, some four decades later, as researchers continue investigating the human psyche in search of answers, the list of motivational levers just keeps on getting longer. Pay has never been near the top of the list, superseded by more important ones like job security, the loftiness of goals, and the meaningfulness of work (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999; Gagne and Deci, 2005). Are these findings supported by empirical evidence in the real world of the workplace We find out by looking at two well-known U.K. companies: The Royal Mail Holdings plc, a government-owned firm, and J. Sainsbury plc, the publicly listed owner of the third largest supermarket chain in the U.K. Both companies, just getting out of a serious business crisis, offer us a good look at the "pay as motivator" issue by considering the behaviour of managers and workers. We may find some evidence of how our motivation beast really looks like, discover whether the theories are right and, if not, gain some practical lessons from this exercise. The Reality: Hard Facts The Royal Mail Experience The Royal Mail is a 370-year old organisation that began when King Charles I introduced the postal services in Britain (Steven-Jones, 2004, p. 8-9). It was a government monopoly until the passage of the Postal Services Act of 2000 that liberalised the U.K. postal services market. The law was the culmination of several factors, but what triggered it was an event that took place three decades earlier, when in 1971 postal workers staged a six-week strike that threatened to cripple the

Cloud Security and Privacy Issues Research Paper

Cloud Security and Privacy Issues - Research Paper Example The purpose of this literature review is to outline some of the important security aspects which are discussed in other researches. These days the use of cloud computing has become an attractive trend. Many organizations at the present use clouds to manage their business operations. However, there are several security issues attached with cloud computing. Cloud computing is an up-and-coming paradigm, which guarantees to make the utility computing model broadly implemented by using Virtualization technologies. Additionally, an increasing number of business organizations have begun offering and utilizing cloud-enabled architectures and services. On the other hand, the progression of cloud computing creates a number of new challenges to existing techniques and approaches to build up and change software intensive systems. In this scenario, outline a number of security issues in a cloud computing environment. These problems and issues comprise physical security, data security, middleware safety, application security and network security. However, the key goal is to effectively store and administer data that is not managed by the owner of the data. In addition, the previous researches have focused on specific areas and aspects of cloud computing. Especially, those researches have assessed such issues in a bottom-up approach to security where we are operating on little issues in the cloud computing arrangement that we hope will resolve the bigger issues and complexities of cloud security (Hamlen, Kantarcioglu, Khan, & Thuraisingham, 2010). Initially, they have shown that â€Å"how can we protect data, information and documents that can be published by a 3rd party organization. After that, they have shown that how to protect co-processors and how they can be utilized to improve security. This research lastly discussed how XACML can be established in the Hadoop atmosphere and in protected federated

Pay as Motivator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pay as Motivator - Essay Example Skinner's reinforcement theory (1953) is perhaps the foundation for every study on the matter. By stating that behaviour can be shaped, changed, or maintained through positive and negative reinforcement, he implied that people can be made to behave in certain ways using levers of motivation. Later studies merely attempted to find what those levers were. Maslow (1954) proposed five levers he called human needs, with the lowest being physiological, and self-actualisation the highest; in between are the safety, social, and esteem needs. He said meeting these needs is the motivational key, which leads others to ask: if pay helps meet each of these needs, why is it that even highly-paid CEOs continue to milk their corporate cow, sometimes fatally Pay does not seem to give the complete answer. Perhaps Herzberg (1959) had an answer in his hygiene and motivational factors. He argued that a worker would be satisfied if the motivation factors are met, but not if hygiene factors are unmet. However, hygiene factors do not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. And like these other content theories, MacGregor's (1960) simplistic categorisation of employees does not fully explain the behaviour of greedy managers who used to be honest. An interesting trilogy of process theories (Adams, 1963; Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968) goes beyond the tangible and crosses the line into the realm of the mystical. Balance (Adams's Equity Theory), values and beliefs (the expectancy and instrumentality of Vroom), and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler) point out that money is important, but there are others of greater value that managers need to know about workers so they can trigger the right behaviour. Fifteen years (1953-1968) of research concluded that to motivate others, one has to find out why people do the things they do. And now, some four decades later, as researchers continue investigating the human psyche in search of answers, the list of motivational levers just keeps on getting longer. Pay has never been near the top of the list, superseded by more important ones like job security, the loftiness of goals, and the meaningfulness of work (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999; Gagne and Deci, 2005). Are these findings supported by empirical evidence in the real world of the workplace We find out by looking at two well-known U.K. companies: The Royal Mail Holdings plc, a government-owned firm, and J. Sainsbury plc, the publicly listed owner of the third largest supermarket chain in the U.K. Both companies, just getting out of a serious business crisis, offer us a good look at the "pay as motivator" issue by considering the behaviour of managers and workers. We may find some evidence of how our motivation beast really looks like, discover whether the theories are right and, if not, gain some practical lessons from this exercise. The Reality: Hard Facts The Royal Mail Experience The Royal Mail is a 370-year old organisation that began when King Charles I introduced the postal services in Britain (Steven-Jones, 2004, p. 8-9). It was a government monopoly until the passage of the Postal Services Act of 2000 that liberalised the U.K. postal services market. The law was the culmination of several factors, but what triggered it was an event that took place three decades earlier, when in 1971 postal workers staged a six-week strike that threatened to cripple the

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry Essay - 20

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that each department requires personnel to operate and mange the different types of customers. Thus, there is a need for HRM in a hotel because every aspect in a hotel is concerned with handling people. A HRM professional can understand the needs and preferences of employees and can handle the employee related problems quite efficiently than others. From the provided case, it can be observed that it is a challenge for Happy Hotels to recruit, develop and maintain workforce which is significant for the hotel because a good motivated workforce is the key for providing high quality services to the sensitive customers. The approaches undertaken by Happy Hotels are quite different than the other high cost hotel services. It provides customers with excellent services, comfortable rooms, and good meals with minimal budget than other high cost hotel such as Premium Inn or Holiday Inn. Thus, the job description in Happy Hotels needs range of skills and qualities. The employees must have knowledge to interact with various customers who can impact the HRM strategies such as recruitment and training of employees. HRM can broadly manage the employees in Happy Hotels and can aid the hotels to pursue their path towards achieving success. There are many reasons for professionalising HRM in the expansion of hotel group. Every hotel seeks to dev elop their services which can differentiate them from other competitors. Thus, a hotel will always endeavour to focus on providing customers any product or service which is new and innovative. The employees of the hotels will play one of the major roles in fulfilling this endeavour of the hotels. Thus, the employees need to learn behaviour such as readiness to tolerate uncertainty and changeability. They need to take risks. A highly skilled HR individual can help to achieve high level of autonomy in a hotel.

When Food Kills Essay Example for Free

When Food Kills Essay An outbreak causing the death of 31 people in Europe is causing wide speculation of the agriculture industry. The outbreak, caused by E. coli, supposabley arose from bean sprouts grown in an organic farm in Germany. All over the world food-borne illnessess are hopstitalizing and even killing people. Just in the United states 325,000 people are hospitalized and 5,ooo die every year because of the wide spread of food-borne illnessess. Farmers all over the world use antibiotics to rapidly increase the growth of there livestock, causing resistant pathogenes, which can ultimately become untreatable, though they still continue and process the meat. Most people do not know that more antibiotics are givin to livestock than humans, endangering our health even more. MRSA, one of the most common antibiotic-resistant pathogenes is now widespread in hog barns, even people who deal with them. Unlike the United States, other countries are begining to ban distributing antibiotics to livestock. In the article Kristof often gives the audience facts concerning food outbreaks. To keep the readers interested, and believe what they are reading Kristof uses statistics, such as when he stated that 70 percent of hogs were found with MRSA in only one farm. He also plays an emotional toll on the audience,for example, when he recalled the story of skydiving instructer, Josh Nahum developed a life threatening fever, caused by a bactiera that wasnt responsive to medication. He became paralyzed after parts of his brain started to push into his spinal column. After a couple weeks of using a ventilator to breathe, he died. Learning about how serious and the amout of lives food-borne illnessess take it brings more attention to the problem, and also keeps Kristofs readers engaged in the article. In my opinion, feeding livestock antibiotics in their feed, to make their growth rate rise rapidly, is not only extremely harmful to the livestock, but more importantly, to humans. To have the animals develope much faster that normal is not worth thousands of people dying over it. Though the unsanitary ways both small, and larger scale restaraunts handle their food is also a big cause for food-borne illnesses. Even in our own homes many people are not being as sanitary as they need to be. If everyone would stop and continue with their work but maintain it in a clean and sanitary way, especially if they are working in the food industry, I believe there wouldnt be as many food-borne illnessess, especially if they are working in the food industry.

Preventing the Spread of Nosocomial Infections

Preventing the Spread of Nosocomial Infections Thomas Elliott   Nosocomial is a term derived from two Greek words: nosus meaning a diseaseor ailment and komeion meaning to take care of. By definition, nosocomial infections are those that are acquired by patients while under direct medical care. Nosocomial infections are a major safety concern for both medical professionals and their patients and have been linked to an increase in morbidity, mortality and an increase length of stay (Mehta et al., 2014). These patients require more therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, endure preventable suffering, and occupy scarce bed-days. This has a systemic effect on our medical infrastructure, forcing hospitals to spend more. Consequently, insurance companies bridge the gap by charging more for their benefits. Nurses have the responsibility of beneficence and play a crucial role in stopping the spread of nosocomial infections. It is the foundation on which our nursing procedures and techniques are grounded. The American Nurses Association (ANA) promotes e vidence-based practices that can be utilized by clinicians to prevent nosocomial infections so that, in collaboration with the Affordable Care Act, patients will have more knowledge about the care they receive, better outcomes and shorter hospital stays. Preventing nosocomial infections in patients is a major responsibility for nurses as well as other healthcare providers because it greatly reduces patient mortality, length of stay and health care costs. I worked with a 77-year-old male patient who was recovering from multiple ailments on the intensive care floor. He contracted ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) after being on mechanical ventilation for 30 days. Upon treatment of his pneumonia, he developed multiple drug resistant organisms from his antibiotic therapy rendering his illness virtually incurable. Ventilator associated pneumonia is a nosocomial infection and patients have a 1%-4% chance of contracting this illness for every day they are on mechanical ventilation (Chastre Fagon, 2002). This disease is preventable and two questions have been formulated to explore strategies on its prevention: What is the most important aspect of patient care for the prevention of transmission of nosocomial infections and what patient p opulations are the most vulnerable? Aseptic technique is a procedural process by which a clinician establishes an environment that is free from bacteria, viruses and other harmful microorganisms in order to provide care to a patient. This technique is required anytime that a patients skin is perforated or when a sterile body cavity is entered such as when providing ventilator care (Schub Woten, 2015). It includes meticulous hand hygiene and the use of sterile attire and equipment. Approximately one third of nosocomial infections occur when aseptic technique is not followed and is transmitted from patient to patient through direct contact by a healthcare provider (Lewis et al, 2011, p. 240).   Because a large portion of nosocomial infections are transmitted by healthcare providers, proper hand washing and the use of protective equipment are the single most important measures in infection control (Saloojee Steenhoff, 2001). The hands are the most common way microorganisms are transmitted between patients, so it is imperative for health care providers to wash their hands vigorously for 15 seconds before and after leaving the room and when moving from one task to another (Mehta et al., 2014). These guidelines are backed by evidence-based practice and are established to protect patients, especially those who are the most vulnerable to infection. Patients receiving health care are exposed to a variety of different microorganisms from clinicians, other patients and even from hospital visitors. Susceptibility can be attributed to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most important intrinsic factor that determines susceptibility towards acquiring nosocomial infections is age. Older adults and the elderly population are two to three times more likely to develop nosocomial infections than the younger population (Lewis et al, 2011, p. 240).   Typically, the elderly have more comorbidities, are more immunocompromised and have longer hospital stays which increases their chances of developing nosocomial infections. Extrinsic factors include surgical or invasive procedures such as the use of a ventilator, organ transplants, implanted foreign bodies or immunosuppressive medications and personal exposure. These extrinsic factors bypass the normal defensive barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, providing foci where organi sms can flourish. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be controlled by healthcare providers through the application and knowledge of evidence-based infection control practices such as aseptic technique. Patients have very little control over the factors that affect their health during hospitalization and rely on the healthcare providers to stay diligent. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) in coordination with the American Nurses Association (ANA) has implemented strategies for clinicians to both reduce the likelihood of nosocomial infections and empower patients with knowledge regarding which hospitals provide the safest practices. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was established to provide health insurance for all Americans and to equip them with adequate knowledge regarding the risks and benefits of where they are receiving their care. Although patients covered under the act will not need to pay out of pocket for the treatment of nosocomial infections, they will need to pay for insurance claims related to medications, follow-up care, lab work and rehab. These claims can drag on for years. Because patient safety is a top priority, the ACA has rolled out a mandate which requires hospitals to be held accountable for nosocomial infections. This includes improving infrastructure, insurance requirements as well as reduced payments from Medicare and state Medicaid programs.   The ACA has also established a uniform online reference center for the public to utilize which allows them to check the prevalence of nosocomial infections at their local hospitals. Patients can then make educated decisions on where they ar e likely to receive the safest healthcare. Patient perception of the environment and care they receive is tied to financial incentives for hospitals which is measured by patient satisfaction surveys. The survey includes questions that ask patients about the perceived cleanliness of the hospital, quality of care and if they would recommend the specific hospital. These elements included in the ACA are designed to protect, educate and to empower patients to make the right healthcare decisions. The American Nurses Association (ANA) as well has developed evidence-based guidelines for nurses and other healthcare providers to utilize in order to prevent nosocomial infections and improve patient outcomes. Emergent threats to patient safety, such as nosocomial infections, during a hospital stay require nurses and other healthcare providers to be equipped and educated with the latest research to protect themselves and their patients against infection. The ANA in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have developed a specialty organization called the Nursing Infection Control Education Network (NICE Network) which provides training courses for nurses to improve adherence to infection prevention practices. This program keeps nurses up-to-date on the latest research regarding infection prevention such as vigorous hand washing for 15 seconds and the use of gloves, gown and a mask when working in a sterile environment (ANA, 2017). These measures are aimed at reducing healthcare costs for patients and for improving their outcomes. The ANA described this method of care through the use of an inverted pyramid of priorities. This model represents primary care as the foundation of our nursing practice and should be the highest priority for providing care by focusing on prevention of complications and adverse events (American Nurses Association, 2008). This shift of thinking requires nurses to assume a more holistic approach to their practice not only by focusing on the physical ailment of the patient but in caring for the entire person. In so doing, nurses reduce their risk of inadvertently transmitting nosocomial infections to their patients while providing care for another reason. Health care is becoming less accessible and more expensive for patients so it is imperative that providers stay diligent and safe with their practices as to not deter people from seeking medical attention. Nurses and other health care providers do not intend to spread disease but unfortunately, they become the vectors and can spread infection to their patients without knowing it. This is why the ANA has implemented simple, evidenced-based preventative strategies to be taught in the form of classes to significantly reduce transmission rates and to increase compliance with and adoption of safest evidence-based practices by health care providers. The ACA has established a form of accountability for hospitals along with providing the general public with information regarding nosocomial infections at their local hospitals. These measures have been implemented to protect our patients, especially the most vulnerable from acquiring these infections and to reduce the overall rate nationwide o f nosocomial infections.