Emily Bronte’s poem analysis Essay

Emily Bronte spends last days of her life at home. She didn’t have any outdoor activities. Her life was full of miseries and gloomy incidents. There Is not any light of hope and couragment In her life. She was fed up with her life. She wrote this poem In those days when she was bound at home. This poem Is the true representative of her disappointed feelings. She wanted to sleep but sleep brings no rest to her. She wanted to sleep eternally. She was disturbed by the painful memories which she had suffering in her life. She wanted to escape from the reality. As Paul Lieder points out; â€Å"Emily Bronte wrote so little in her short life that it is difficult to appraise her work with any surety. One point is generally agreed that in both her prose and poetry there is in spite of minor faults or rare power. Title of the poem: Emily Bronte’s poem, â€Å"Sleep brings no Joy to me† dont have any title. The poem is without a title. Infect Emily was very discouraged after her brother’s death. She was very prone to sickness. She spent most of her time at home. During her time at home she wrote all her poems in a notebook. When her sisters found this otebook and read her poetry. Her sisters Incouraged her to publish her work. So this book was published by the name of â€Å"Wuthering Heights† In 1847. This poem reflects the miseries of her own life. This poem is all about her life and how she tired of it. She wanted to get rid of her life and wants to die. Themes of the poem: This poem is an autobiographical poem of Emily Bronte. This poem reveals her miserable condition in her life. The themes of the poem are; Death Hopelessness Escapism Painful memories Death: Death Is the maln theme of the poem. The poem Is written by Emily Bronte. The oetess wants to die because doesnt find any source of comfort and relief even In sleep. In this poem we can analyze that sleep Is not any source of Joy, hope and rest for her-so she wants to get rid of her life. She is preeminently a poet of self-conscious expression and of an interior life focused on observation and imagination. Emily’s life was that of a representation solitary. Making of a Solitary: According to the elements in Emily Bronte’s life that shaped her solitude must be counted. The death of her mother when Emily was of 3 years old. The death of her two older sisters due to Typhoid, when she was of 6 years old. Her independent learning and intense intellectual interest without formal schooling or socialization. Escapism: Escapism Is another Important theme of the poem. The poetess life was very miserable and full of harshness. She wants to sleep so that she can get rid of her painful memories for sometimes. In the last stanza she wanted to escape from reality. She wanted to escape from all those things which had made her so disturbed ana depressed. I nars wny sne Decame tne poet 0T solltuae. But In sleep sne doesn’t find any comfort and relief because those harsh memories come in the form of orrible dreams. When she says â€Å"Rememberance never dies†. Hopelessness: The poem also shows the helplessness of the poetess. Her life was full of harsh incidents. She tries to find out any source of hope and Joy in sleep but all her efforts goes in vain. Sleep becomes more painful and disturbed element of her life. Then she preyed for death to seek comfort. Painful Memories: â€Å"Sleep brings no hope to This poem is all about life and how she tired of it. She wanted to leave this life. She suffered a lot in her life. Emily became weaken by unsanitary circumstances in her household. She wanted to escape from painful memories. Symbols used in the poem A lot of symbols are used in the poem, â€Å"Sleep brings no Joy to me† Written by Emily Bronte. These symbols are as follows; Sleep: Sleep is usually the symbol of death, darkness, unconsciousness and way to escape something. But in Emilys poem, sleep brings dark aspects of her life more clearly and intensively. She sleeps because she can escape from her harsh life for sometimes’ but it is not so. So she wants to sleep eternally. Shadow: Shadows are dark, dreary, haunting and ghostly. In this poem, shadows are ymbolically horrible and ghostly, when she says, dead My wakening eyes may never see† â€Å"The shadows are This shadow may have been her husband or her protective person. When Emily Bronte needed the attention of her mother, she lost her mother. She has no mother’s lap to take a relief from the painful memories. Sail: Sail is another symbol used in this poem. Sail is the symbol of something that is light weight, effortless and depend on natural sources. In this poem, the poetess compares herself with a sail. She feels herself effortless against the problems of life. Wilder Sea: Wilder sea is the symbol of depth, mystery and violence. In this poem, Emily compares the whole world with wilder sea or it may be her own life that is full of mystery and violence. Wave: A wave can be violent disturbance. It also symbolizes force that can overcome you. In Emily’s poem wave is symbolizes with death that overcomes her own life. Stylistically Analysis Epithet: Use of epithet is available in this poem. Epithet is actually an adjectival phrase. The epithet used in this poems are; â€Å"wakening eye†, â€Å"sounder sleep†, â€Å"doleful imagery’, â€Å"wilder sea†, â€Å"darker wave†, â€Å"harassed heart†. Metaphor: In Emilys poems metaphor is also used. In 4th stanza, when she compares herself with sail and feels herself effortless against the difficulties of life. cap tallzatlon: There are some words that start with capital letter such as â€Å"Surround my bed†. Here in the word surround,’s’ is capital. This means that horrible shadows and scornful images that disturb her, they dome particularly when she is in her bedroom during sleep. This shadow comes in the form of dreams. Rhyme scheme: The poem has 6 stanzas, and each stanza has the rhyme scheme of abab. Words which shows mood of the poetess: There are certain words in this poem which reveals the gloomy or despair mood of the poetess, such as the repetition of the word ‘no’. Just like ‘no hope’, ‘no Joy, ‘no friend’, ‘no strength’. And other words which gloomy mood are; ‘darker’, ‘doleful’, ‘scornfully, ‘death’, ‘misery etc. Feministic point of view Negativity: The whole poem is written in dejected mood. There is not any positivity or positive connotation used in this poem. Inferiority Complex: We can also find inferiority complex in this poem. She has not any friend or people that console her in sorrowful situation. She doesn’t find any people who protect her. Female are weak gender: Usually it is said that women are physically and mentally weak gender. In this poem we can analyze that the poetess tries to find someone who console her, protect her or support her in her miserable condition. Analysis of the poem Sleep brings no Joy to me. Remembrance never dies. My soul is given to mystery, And lives in sighs. My interpretation of the first stanza is that the individual goes to sleep in effort to escape memories; however, the memories are only seen and lived once again in her dreams. Her soul seeks answers to questions that she may never find so she sighs in disappointment, in an effort to calm herself down, and to give up on pondering and remembering the past. Sleep brings no rest to me; The shadows of the dead My wakening eyes may never see Surround my bed. The second stanza tells us that although she sleeps, she does not rest. Her mind fails to enter a place of relaxation and peace. She will never see shadows of a particular person, who may have been a husband that would watch over her as she sleeps. The second and forth lines of the stanza could be further interpreted to announce that he person would protect her in her place of rest, sickness, or peace and that she sees this person’s ghost as she sleep. At this point we know that this protective person Is aeceasea Oue to tne pnrase â€Å"snaaows 0T Sleep brings no hope to me, In soundest sleep they come, And with their doleful imag’ry Deepen the gloom. The third stanza states that she sleeps in hopes of being able to remove herself from her state of depression, but it fails every time because in her dreams she sees the decreased person and it deepens her depression. Sleep brings no strength to me, No power renewed to brave; I only sail a wilder sea, A darker wave The forth stanza tells us that sleep does not strengthen her ability to move on. She feels that she cannot and is not swimming in a sea, but that she is only floating on top of the water without any protection from the waves that could kill her with their strength. She is indifferent towards death and life. Sleep brings no friend to me to soothe and aid to bear; They all gaze on, how scornfully, And I despair. The fifth stanza reveals that people who she once considered friends do not help her to heal from her pain or suffering. These people Just appear to be dumbfounded nd are waiting for her next move, but their lack of action and support Just makes her feel hopeless and obsolete. Sleep brings no wish to fret My harassed heart beneath; My only wish is to forget In endless sleep of death. The sixth stanza announces her desire to die. Sleep causes her to not crave to worry or ponder anymore. Her heart is broken and all she wants to do is forget about all of her pain, worries, questions, discomfort, hopelessness by dying. She believes that her only way to find peace is in death, where she may feel that she’s sure to be with the deceased person once again.

Traffic Jams in Jakarta

Traffic Jams in Jakarta By: Juwendi Jaya Putra I. Introduction Thesis statement: The most significant causes of traffic jams in Jakarta lay on some factors. II. Body A. There are too many vehicles in the streets. 1. Many kinds of public transportation are running in the streets. 2. Too many private cars and motorcycles. B. Indiscipline motorists cause additional problems to traffic jams. 1. Bus drivers stop everywhere they like. 2. Bus drivers drive carelessly. 3. Motor bikers don’t obey the traffic signs and regulation. C. Traffic lights in Jakarta are sometimes in malfunction and take too long time. 1. Some intersections in Jakarta have problems with traffic lights. 2. They take too long that they don’t suit the frequency of vehicles, and make vehicles pile up. D. There aren’t enough highways. 1. Highways are still too few. 2. Many dense areas in the suburbs like Bekasi, Bogor, and Depok are still difficult too reach from Jakarta without highways. E. â€Å"Busway† as another alternative to reduce traffic jams in fact also gives a problem to the traffic. III. Conclusion Too conclude, the city government must do the research in order to find the solution for these problems and build more facilities like highways and streets. Creating and implementing strict regulation for the traffic systems can also solve the problem. Traffic Jams in Jakarta Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia has quite many problems. One of them is traffic jam. Traffic jams are everywhere in Jakarta. It is hard for people in Jakarta and in its suburbs like Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor to move around. It takes too long than it should be to get to one place from another. The most significant causes of the problem lay on some factors. One of the causes is the number of vehicles in Jakarta. There are too many buses, cars, motorcycles, and any other kinds of public transportation in the streets. Too many vehicles make too many problems. Their over crowded number makes the traffics jammed. Parking is another problem that caused by the number of vehicles. On the other hand the streets aren’t enough anymore to support the running vehicles. Another cause of the problem is indiscipline motorists. They are bus drivers and even motor cyclists. Many bus drivers don't obey the traffic rules, like stop wherever they like, use low speed in wrong way, ignore the traffic light and many more. They take and get passengers down in wrong place. Motor cyclists also do the same things like other motorists. They never give ways to other motorists. It seems they compete each other in the streets to get faster to their destinations. In addition to careless motorists the traffic lights in Jakarta also give a problem to traffic jams. Many traffic lights in most intersections are malfunction. Some of them are out of order and some don’t suit the frequency of vehicles that pass through the intersections. They take too long that make the vehicles pile up. The next factor to cause the traffic jams in Jakarta is the lack of highways. There aren’t enough highways that connect one place to another. Many dense areas like in the suburbs like Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor are difficult to reach from Jakarta without highways. The last thing that gives additional factor to the traffic jams is the â€Å"bus way†. At first, the government tried to solve the problem by providing an alternative way for public transportation, but later on the bus way has taken some parts of the road. The aim is right, to reduce vehicle using in Jakarta. But it's not so successful, and finally just tighten the road. Too conclude, the city government must do the research in order to find the solution for these problems and build more facilities like highways and streets. Creating and implementing strict regulation for the traffic systems can also solve the problem.

Which Is the Most Successful Gothic Horror Short Story

Gothic horror (Gothic Fiction) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. As a genre, it is generally believed to have been invented by the English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto. The effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, to thrill and scare the reader. The Red Room, by H. G Wells and The Monkey’s Paw by W. W Jacobs are both good examples of Gothic Horror. Both stories deal with the theme of the supernatural – the ‘ghost’ and the wish granting paw. Another, less obvious theme is the nature of humans, the main character in The Red Room is very confident in the face of the wisdom of the elderly residents of the castle. Even in the opening sentence the man seems to simultaneously acknowledge and dispel the fear of the paranormal in the Castle by saying â€Å"it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me. † He is showing off his confidence, which will slowly diminish on his journey to the red room, his actual stay in it and as the tension builds. This is confidence and arrogance is ironic as he will end up defeated by this so called ‘ghost’. In The Monkey’s Paw, the family, particularly Herbert is also very cocky – â€Å"might drop on his head from the sky† yet again this is also ironic as the in order to get the money Herbert gets mutilated and dies. The setting of each story is a very important way of adding to the tension. If the story was set in a nice, happy cottage, in the middle of a suburb, on a warm summer’s day there is nothing scary about it. If it is set in an old rotting house in the middle of nowhere, which is engulfed in darkness, there is an aspect of fright and scariness. In both The Red Room and The Monkey’s Paw there is this aspect of darkness, isolation with the stories setting – the isolated, dark and cold Lorraine castle and the dark, isolated house. The darkness and isolation, for the readers, increases the risk of something bad happening. The rain and storm outside the isolated house in The Monkey’s Paw also adds to the risk of danger. We know this house is isolated, as the wife says â€Å"the worst of living so far out† The time of both stories is also important. Both stories involve the night – in The Monkey’s paw, we meet the Sergeant Major at night and the knocking also start at night. This is also the case in The Red Room. The story is set at night. This adds to the tension through fear. People are naturally scared of the night as it takes away our vision. This would allow someone to creep up on us. Particularly in The Red Room this is the case as the darkness itself creeps up on the man, and we think there might be something behind that blanket of darkness. Both authors use a lot of in depth descriptive text, such as to describe the three custodians, or but I find Wells does a lot better job then Jacobs. Wells creates an amazing, tangible feel and sense to the story, despite the massive contrast between modern life and that of that era. ‘The glow vanished, the reflections rushed together and vanished, and as I thrust the candle between the bars darkness closed upon me like the shutting of an eye, wrapped around in a stifling embrace, sealed my vision, and crushed the last vestige of reason from my brain’. The detail and quality of this quote is very powerful and is very good at describing the scene, which is integral for the story and shows off the writer’s actual skill. Jacobs isn’t quite as skillful as Wells, but he isn’t bad either and while his descriptive text isn’t quite as good, it’s still quite effective. This might have been a decision on his part, but I personally prefer Wells’ method. However, in my opinion the most important technique in both stories is the author’s use of characters. Yet again, Wells is better in a more obvious way than Jacobs. Wells is very good at describing and turning the custodians into horrible, non-human creatures. The idea of using old, crippled people is very smart and ties in with the theme and even the setting very well. It’s almost like their part of the castle with their age and grotesqueness. The description used, could almost make a horror story. Instead of making each monster a similar monster, he makes them all unique and gives them all their own ‘quirk’. One man has a withered and wrinkled arm, the other red eyes that could pierce the night sky, yet the lady seems not to have as much of a quirk as the others, she only seems to repeat one thing over and over again. Each has its own weird personality, one saying nothing apart from, â€Å"tonight of all nights† and another, constantly warning him. Yet the third character is very interesting and says practically nothing, but his presence is strange and unexplained. This makes us very curious of his purpose. Some of Jacobs’s characters are quite interesting, like the soldier, but the idea of having characters as part of the horror story doesn’t seem to be important. The personality of the Whites seems to be non-existent, even the name is very plain and not interesting but it’s obvious when everything goes wrong – Mrs White goes hysterical in grief and becomes very desperate and maybe even loses the plot a bit. This lack of personality provides a nice contrast to the hysterical side. However, Mr White seems to keep it together a bit more. In The Red Room the main character seems to get more and more desperate. At the start he was very matter of fact and by the red room he is frightened by a statue of Ganymede and Eagle. Ganymede is a character from Greek mythology. He was supposedly the most beautiful of all mortals, and so the king of the gods took the form of an eagle and stole him from earth to become the god’s cupbearer. This relates to the story, as in both the story and the myth, the main character finds himself powerless in the face of a greater power. He reaches the room, which appears normal, and then suspense is built again, as the candles are extinguished due to an unknown cause. This is similar in The Monkey’s Paw. The characters are very relaxed at the beginning and confident of the lack of power by the paw, only Mr. White’s and the soldiers fear gives us warning of possible problems. Then once Herbert dies they start panicking and the wife even goes slightly mad. The Monkeys Paw’s ending, in my opinion, is much better as it is a better story plot and it keeps the tension and suspension right up to the very end. As the race between the husband and wife unfolds we are desperately wishing that the mutilated thing doesn’t come in, this keeps the reader involved and absorbed until the very end. In The Red Rooms ending was a let down and quite dull – an anti-climax. The tension finished before the ending and this made the ending quite boring, and though the concept of the fear of fear is very interesting it’s not very exciting. I personally prefer The Monkey’s Paw despite the better style of writing by Wells. For me, The Red Rooms ending completely ruined it and the story line was not as interesting or as gripping as Jacobs story.

Police and Victims Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Police and Victims - Case Study Example In Australia, there are two levels of police forces, the state police and the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The AFP is only 25 years old whilst State Police Forces were established in the 1800s The Australasian Institute of Policing (AIPol) is a non-industrial, not-for-profit incorporated association that has been established by practitioners, for practitioners to further the policing profession. As such, it is the professional body for Australian and New Zealand policing and has been established with the object to: The New South Wales Police Force (NSW Police Force; previously New South Wales Police Service & New South Wales Police) is the primary law enforcement agency in the State of New South Wales, Australia. (ASHWORTH, A 1987) It is an agency of the Government of New South Wales within the New South Wales Ministry for Police. Divided into eighty Local Area Commands (LAC),[1] the NSW Police Force consists of over five hundred local police stations and covers an area of 801,600 square kilometres whilst serving the state's population of seven million people.[2] Under the Police Regulation Act (1862), the organisation of the New South Wales Police Force was formally established in 1862 with the unification of all existing independent police units within New South Wales. The authority and responsibility of the entire police force was given to the Inspector General of Police.[3] Presently, the Commissioner of Police controls the police force. Crime and Justice System in Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia is federalist government composed of a national government and six State governments. The government of the Commonwealth is responsible for the enforcement of its own laws. The most frequently prosecuted Commonwealth offenses are those related to the importation of drugs and the violation of social security laws. Offenses against a person or against property occurring in Commonwealth facilities are also regarded as offenses against the Commonwealth. The States are primarily responsible for the development of criminal law. Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania are described as "code" States because they have enacted criminal codes which define the limits of the criminal law. The remaining three States, New South Wales, Victoria,and South Australia are regarded as common law States because they have not attempted codification. In practice, however, there is little ifference in the elements of the criminal law between the "code" and "common law" States. Local governments can pass

Shop Class as Soulcraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shop Class as Soulcraft - Essay Example With the push to use your brain instead of your brawn this society seems to be slowly devaluing work done by your own hands. Work that would have been considered noble fifty years ago, perhaps even prestigious, is viewed as somewhat beneath us today. So is this just society moving on, using forward thinking to advance, or is America slowly digging its way into a hole that it will one day have to climb out of? After taking a peak at our country fifty years ago, where it is today, and where its heading, our society may want to reconsider reinstating shop class over the latest technology class in our educational system. Fifty years ago a little over forty percent of Americans were â€Å"blue collar workers† and people employed in the farm sector in 1947 stood at 7.9 million (About). Sixty percent of Americans owned their own home, at this time and the majority also had a retirement of some sort (Young, and Young). The average male could not only change his own flat tire, but due to the fact that the majority of cars driven in America were American made, they also had the knowledge and resources to fix the majority of other problems that arouse in their vehicles. At that time no job was considered unreasonable or too lowly if it was a means to support your family. In actuality many people took pride in what they could build or do themselves. Schools also prided themselves in not only teaching the basics: reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also in offering classes in the vocational since, such as shop, agriculture, and mechanics. It was out of this, â€Å"do it yourself† era that America made its climb to the number one spot in world power and recognition. America was leading the way in the automotive, industrial, and agricultural industries, and there was no need to outsource because the American people were more than capable and willing to do the work themselves. Now we fast forward through the eighties were the push became to, â€Å"Prepare Kids for High-Tech and the Global Future.† During this time it was decided as a society that technology was were our future was heading and the need for people to do the work themselves was a thing of the past. So slowly classes such as shop and agriculture were taken out of the mainstream public school system and replaced with computer technology and literacy. Now we arrive in present day were it is estimated that we are actually the first generation since the formation of this country expected to make less that their parents. 9.1 percent of people who graduated from college in 2009 are still unemployed and only 24 % of the people who applied for jobs upon graduating in 2010 reported getting one (Greenhouse). These people graduated with all the right mental skills, and were promised hope for great careers and lives, and now they have nothing to do. In fact 8.7 of the people on unemployment in 2010 have some kind of higher education (Table A-4). There is a push to stop outsourcing and immigration because it’s, â€Å"taking jobs away from the American people†. The majority of the jobs, however, that are outsourced, or worked by those from other countries, are in fact blue collar jobs. If in today’s society the typical middle aged American male can’t, or won’t, change his own tire will he really be willing or able to work these jobs if presented? It is no doubt that this generation is far more

Write up of 'Cameroon Case Study' Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Write up of 'Cameroon Case Study' - Coursework Example However, there are other sickle cell anaemia screening tests unavailable to test sickle cell anaemia in the small laboratory at the Mbetta Health Center. The tests require high cost, a lot of time, and they are by the high temperature and humidity. On the first day in Cameroon at Mbetta Village, the nursing staff referred to me a case of a boy aged 4 years. The boy was clearly unwell; he presented fever, headache, fatigue, pain in the arms and legs. On physical examination by a nurse, the boy`s blood pressure was in a normal range and he had no palpable lymph node. However, the higher left hand abdominal quadrant palpation, auscultation, and percussion signified an enlarged spleen. The nurse noted the boy`s mucus to be pale in colour on examination and the sclera portrayed some elements of Icterus. With no any other abnormal physical signs observed from the boy, the nurse took a venous blood sample and put it into anticoagulant to assist in carrying out a laboratory investigation of the disease. Sickle cell anaemia affects bones, lungs, abdomen, joints, limbs, and lungs (Ohene-Frempong 2006). For instance, pain, swelling, and fever occur when sickle cells block limb veins (Center for children with Special Needs 2006). When spleen traps many red blood cells a mechanism meant to trap the abnormal red blood cells, it enlarges (Maakaron, E. J. n.d.). Lastly, life-threatening cases of sickle cell anaemia occur when red blood cells are trapped in the lung vein to cause Acute Chest Syndrome, which may damage vein in the lungs. It is detected through abnormal breathing and normal blood pressure (Ohene-Frempong 2006). The laboratory in Mbetta village is small and equipped as a basic haematology laboratory. It contains microscope, slides, cover slips, and various stains like Romanowsky stain and immersion oil. It is also equipped with haematocrit centrifuge, glass capillaries, an electrophoresis tank, and a power pack. A

Providing The Care For The Elderly Persons Assignment

Providing The Care For The Elderly Persons - Assignment Example In most of the developing and underdeveloped countries, the elderly take care of themselves. The old are not given affordable rights to health care, food, clothing, shelter, and others. They are left alone to survive through their relatives who sometimes are also not able to care for them in the proper way possible. They are not assigned to any nurses or someone to help them take care of themselves. Therefore, they are left to suffer and do things on their own. In such case, I think these Governments should have homes for the elderly. Here, they should be provided with people who can take care of them on a daily basis. They also need to be provided with food, clothing, healthcare support and any other basic need they would require. They are a part of the community, and in any case, they are responsible for the current status of our countries. All workers in the United States should have the right to paid medical leave when their medical condition was contributed to by work conditions. The workers need to be paid their salaries in full as they undergo treatment, for the first six months of treatment. If they don't recover before the first six months, they need to receive their wages in full. Any time after six months if they have not recovered, they need to be paid half of their total salary by their employers. This should be done until such time that they will recover and get back to work. In case they don't recover, they will remain to receive their pay up to such time that they were supposed to retire. In the case of a permanent disability or death, they should be given their two-year pay. However, this doesn't happen universally. Some reasons are that some employees are only on contracts that are not enforceable. Some countries also do not recognize such rights and have their workers bill of rights.

Literary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Literary analysis - Essay Example The novel depicts his experiences in the War and serves as a good way to express his ideas about the Vietnam War. Other characters include Jimmy Cross, Martha, Mark Fossie, Mary Ann Bell and a lot more. Mary Ann Bell is the girlfriend of Mark Fossie and is known to be a sweet and naive lady when she first came to Vietnam. However, she has been influenced drastically by her environment. People see her to have a monstrous persona neglecting her heroic deeds. Thus, this has come to argument and needs to be defined through analyzing her character in the story. The author imposes many argumentative points in the story and needs further analyzing in order to comprehend with his objectives. It is unexpected for a lady to turn into a monstrous persona because her image depicts a sweet girlfriend and very innocent to what is happening in her environment. However, everything seems to change when her eyes are opened to the facts of what the soldiers are fighting for. While Mary Anne Bell is seen to be a monster to everyone, they kind of miss the positive side of what she did. The chapter â€Å"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong† contests the thought that women are just meant to serve a man. As the girlfriend of Mark Fossie, it is expected on the character of Mary Anne Bell to portray a wife-material lady and be able to respond to what the role heeds. However, it had been posted that Mary Anne is a monster because of being into the war. She has learned to adopt the culture of the Vietnam (O’ Brien 107) and seems to be incompatible with what Mark Fossie used to. It is a matter of acceptance between them and hence the other one could not accept it, he regards her as a monster. However, there is a point that Fossie is trying to understand Mary Anne through influencing her back of what their real culture is but still the foreign one prevails. Indeed, Mary Ann Bell has changed from a sweet to an independent lady and that is why she is seen as a monster.

Paper discussing the theme and proving it in Sophocles's play Oedipus Essay

Paper discussing the theme and proving it in Sophocles's play Oedipus the King - Essay Example Aristotle (1998) stated â€Å"the tragic hero falls into bad fortune because of some flaw in his character of the kind found in men of high reputation and good fortune such as Oedipus.† In this statement, he indicates Oedipus had a flaw that, because of his high station, would ultimately cause his demise. In this essay I will argue how Oedipus from Oedipus the King by Sophocles is a protagonist driven by the passion of pride and how this largely contributes to his own downfall, placing the discussion within the context of the classical definition of a tragedy. As has been mentioned, the classic definition of a tragedy begins with the driving force behind the action which was referred to as hamartia. Hamartia is commonly referred to today as a tragic flaw (â€Å"Aristotle†, 1998). It is the concept that a noble man will fall not as the result of a vengeful god or violation of the god’s laws per se, but rather as a result of some inherent flawed portion of his character that causes him to act in a specific way or make a particular mistake in judgment. In much of Greek tragedy, this tragic flaw appears in the form of an excessive pride on the part of the protagonist that renders them incapable of listening to the counsel of others or of correctly perceiving the events taking place around them. This behavior or mistake will be the actual cause of ruin thus illustrating that the fall of great people is not necessarily the will of the gods but are instead manifestations of the gods allowing humans to act of their own accord, for b etter or worse. In Oedipus the King, the action opens as Oedipus is approached by plague-stricken masses asking help from him as king. When he sees his people gathered around him as if he were a god, his response to them is â€Å"What means this reek of incense everywhere, / From others, and am hither come, myself, / I Oedipus, your world-renowned king† (4-8). Although the people of Oedipus’ day did turn to

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Critical Lens Essay Antoine de Saint-Exupery stated, â€Å"It is only with the heart that one can see rightly†. He implies that humans understand and comprehend the world by different means and rely on different sources to provide the truth. People use their senses, reasoning, emotion, and what others have taught them. However, Antoine de Saint-Exupery expressed that in order to understand something for what it is truly, emotion is the most truthful and applicable source of knowledge. This source implies that what is true is equal to what is morally correct and just. Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s statement is true and this is represented by the thoughts and actions of the characters throughout Mark Twain’s novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In the beginning of the novel Huck Finn is not able to â€Å"see† with his heart because he is taught how to see every other way possible. Therefore he is conflicted and unable to see things for what they actually are. Miss Watson is Huck’s teacher and she symbolizes conventional education. She teaches Huck to view things based on societal norms, this is exemplified by her teachings of Christianity and etiquette. Christianity in its simplest form is a religion based on love, forgiveness, and purity. Overtime the religion was misrepresented and misinterpreted by many people. Heaven, or according to Huck, â€Å"the good place†, became some kind of a finish line to the competitive mindset of humans, and also sinning became a very shallow part of the religion. Not meeting the proper standards of society was considered a sin. Mark Twain uses satire to mock how people have changed an innocent sanctity into a competitive and shallow establishment. Miss Watson is reprimanding Huck and explains to him the â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† places, and how if he always misbehaves then he will not be able to go to the good place. He thinks to himself, â€Å"Now she had got a start, and she went on and told me all about the good place. She said all a body would have to there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever. So I didn’t think much of it† (Twain 4). This shows how Huck was misled and he was not taught how to see with his heart, he was taught very simply, like Miss Watson when she was taught all of this information. Therefore he is not able to see Christianity for what it truly is, and not taught to see with his heart. When Huck became free from other influences and the conventional society that indoctrinated him before, he started to learn how to make decisions based upon emotion, and evidence shows that these actions he took were morally correct and right. Huck’s character completely changes when he gained the ability to act on his emotional connection to something as opposed to the societal mask that hides the truth. This character change is exemplified when Huck was faced with an internal conflict. When on the raft to freedom with Miss Watson’s runaway slave, Jim, he started to worry about whether or not he was doing the moral thing by helping Jim escape. He couldn’t decide if doing wrong by Miss Watson, who had never done anything to him, was worse than doing wrong by Jim, who, although had become his friend, was still a â€Å"nigger†. The conflict inside Huck’s head worsened when Jim expressed his gratitude, â€Å"’Pooty soon I’ll be a-shout’n for joy, en I’ll say, it’s all on account o’ Huck; I’s a free man, en I couldn’t ever ben free ef it hadn’t ben for Huck; Huck done it. Jim won’t ever forgit you, Huck; you’s de bes’ fren’ Jim’s ever had; en you’s de only fren’ ole Jim’s got now. ’ I was paddling off, all in sweat to tell on him; but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me† (Twain 83). Eventually when Huck was forced to decide whether or not to turn in Jim, he decided to not and to continue helping him to freedom. Huck therefore decided against the societal establishment of slavery, obviously an immoral practice, and chose to listen to his emotions, which allowed him to understand what was actually morally just. When Huck and Jim were not on the raft, and landed ashore, morals became unclear. Mark Twain made the land symbolize social injustices and immoral societal conventions, and when Huck and Jim went on shore, they were exposed to people that were meant to represent all inequalities and immorality that were present at that time. Huck met a family that had a family rivalry based on an issue that neither of the family remembered. Twain meant to signify these families as nonsensical and ridiculous, and within the family were â€Å"star-crossed lovers† of some sort. These characters are meant to contrast the stupidity of each of their families and symbolize that understanding the world through love and other emotions is the most truthful way of seeing. Also, ignoring social pretense in order to do what is morally right was represented towards the end of the novel, when Huck decided to once again help Jim escape from slavery. He expressed a conflict that he had between what he sees is right through society’s eyes, and what he sees is right through his own emotions. He couldn’t choose what to do, but finally decided on taking the risk of freeing Jim himself. When conflicted he thought, â€Å"I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didnt do it straight off, but laid the paper down and set there thinking- thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell. And went on thinking. And got to thinking over our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me, all the time; in the day, and in the night-time, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storms, and we a floating along, talking, and singing, and laughing. But somehow I couldnt seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind. Id see him standing my watch on top of hisn, stead of calling me, so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog; and when I come to him agin in the swamp, up there where the feud was; and such-like times; and would always call me honey, and pet me, and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he always was; and at last I struck the time I saved him by telling the men we had smallpox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one hes got now; and then I happened to look around, and see that paper. It was a close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: ‘All right, then, Ill go to hell’- and tore it up† (Twain 193). Huck saw with his heart and was then able to make the most ethical assessment. He also understood the truth behind Christianity and morality itself; not simply the shallow and conventional representation that he was taught. Therefore, Antoine de Saint-Exupery’s statement, â€Å"It is only with the heart that one can see rightly† is true and is exemplified through Huckleberry Finn and his growth and maturity as he unveils what is truly moral. He ignored the influences of society that cause people to overlook emotion and discovered what was right.

Study On The Objectives Of Micro Finance Institutions Finance Essay

Study On The Objectives Of Micro Finance Institutions Finance Essay A sustainable economic growth and development has its foundation on economic agents access to financial services (credit, savings, pension funds etc). Studies have shown that there has been a failure of both the government and financial institutions to provide access to loan able funds to the grass root level of the economy (GCAP, 2010; Sundaresan, 2008), for this reason it has become increasingly fashionable for national economies to set up Micro-finance Institutions to meet the need of these groups of people. Microfinance is becoming widely accepted especially in the developing countries and it is now playing a major role in reduction of poverty and the economic development in the world. This essay seeks to analyse both theoretical and empirical evidence with the view to ascertaining whether MFIs have lived up to their objectives as key drivers of economic growth and development. In addition, the essay will look at the impact of MFIs in Nigeria in relation to poverty eradication wi thin the following perspectives: Provision of Financial Services Access to Finance and Regulatory and Legal Framework for access to finance Nigeria Financial Services Sector is made up of the commercial banks, the Microfinance Banks, Discount houses, Cooperative societies, Insurance sector and Pension funds, Savings and Loans, Leasing companies etc. The essay will focus on those financial institutions that are licensed to take deposits and create loans. Microfinance is defined in terms of the services they offer; the provision of a wide range of services including deposit taking, advancement of loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance services to the low income members of the economy (ADB, date). Microfinance can simply be seen as the provision of quality financial services to the poor. The theory of Microfinance dates back to 1975 to Mohammed Yunus, an Economics University lecturer in Bangladesh. In his classic research project he designed a credit and delivery system to provide banking services to the rural poor (Hulme et al, 2009). The research gave birth to what is known today as the Grameen bank; that has grown both in assets and operations (Grameen, 2009). The provision of financial services within the Nigeria context has been an abysmal failure. Recent survey by the FinScope found some staggering fact about the level of banking participation in the economy FinScope (2008). According to the study 74% of the adult population have not been banked, 15% of women at the time of the survey have no bank account and 86% of rural adults are not unbanked (FinScope, 2008). A comparison of the level of access to financial services particularly the deposit money bank done amongst four countries in African including; Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania found that Nigeria has the second largest number of non-banking population see Fig. 1 (Isern et al, 2009). The level of financial services illiteracy amongst the adult population is equally very low according to the survey (FinScope, 2008). See Fig 3. The close proximity of Microfinance banks to the rural population offers them a great advantage to reach the nonbanked populace unfortunately; emp irical studies showed that only 3 percent of adults use Microfinance as their main bank (Bun et al, 2007). The Small and Medium Enterprises have been identified as the engine room of growth and development in most economies (Malik and Teal, 2008). However, this very important sector of every developed and developing economy has been very dormant in Nigeria. A World Bank study in 2008 (World Bank, 2008) have identified access to finance amongst others as one of the top constraints of the development of SMEs in Nigeria. In a study that compared the Sectoral contribution to GDP, it was observed that Nigeria SME sector was much smaller than that of other developing countries; according to the study, the SME accounted for about 50% of the nations GDP very little when compared with the 80% of the other developing economies. To improve on this the country need a well funded and operationally strong Microfinance institutions, it is arguable though whether the MFIs operating in the country have lived up to their expectations. For instance, a study done by Malik and Teal (2008) showed that only 5% of firms have received loans from Microfinance Institutions even when 80% applications were received from the SMEs. See Fig.4. The study showed the extent to which access to and cost of financing are a problem for Nigerian SMEs. Access to loan able funds was seen as a function of size; according to the survey, about 59% of small firms faced varying degrees of difficulties in accessing finance compared to 35% of medium firms and 11% of large SME firms. A world comparison of access to and cost of credit done on India, China, South Africa, Indonesia and Brazil saw Nigeria closely following Brazil as countries with the highest impediments to access to credit see Fig 5 (ICA 2008). The study of Isern et al (2009) showed that households, rural populace and SMEs are not very interested in accessing investment funds from MFIs. Part of the reasons adduced for this lacklustre attitude include high interest rates (cost of funds), collateral requirements, maturities mismatch etc. However, the study done by ICF in 2008 showed that cost of funds is cheaper in Nigeria relative to the other 5 countries surveyed. The supply of Microfinance services has a very long history in Nigeria, although this was frequently done in informal ways. A study done by Food and Agricultural Organisation in 2004 estimated that 25% of Nigerians accessed some informal sources of financing (FAO, 2004). USAID in 2005 carried out a survey that estimated that a majority of funding for Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises came from personal savings, informal lending schemes known as esusu and gifts from family members (USAID, 2005). The FinScope survey in 2008 equally revealed that 24% of SMEs used informal sources of funding for their businesses. Various forms of Non-Governmental Organisations NGOs which are not for profit oriented micro-credit schemes have been in place since the 1980s. For instance Ford Foundation began supporting households and SMEs in 1993 and as 2004 have provided capacity building grants to 123 organisations worth $180,000 US dollars at the 2000 exchange rate, and the Foundation have refinanced loans to 241 organisations to the tune of $1.7 million (Isern et al, 2009). The study noted that majority of the NGOs used Grameen solidarity groups model to provide loans to small groups of people. The 2005 Microfinance framework made provision for traditional community banks that were operating in the country to be re-licensed as microfinance institutions with a minimum capital base of NGN 20 million (CBN, 2005). The community banks operating in the country before the re-licensing were privately held companies licensed to take deposits from the public as well as provide credit services. CBN reports showed that these banks became very successful in deposit mobilization but failed in their functions as lenders to the rural households and SMEs within the communities that they operated (CBN/OFID Reports, date). As at July 2008, about 125 Microfinance licenses were processed by the Central Bank of Nigeria and most of these licenses were for internationally experienced Microfinance organisations such as ACCION International which is a partnership between Citibank-Nigeria, Ecobank, Zenith bank, IFC and SME manager. Other international organisations like K-REP (Kenya), BRAC (Bangladesh), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have provided both funding and technical expertise to MFIs. The traditional commercial banks were not left out of the Microfinance arrangements as most of them opened subsidiaries that undertook the functions of MFIs (CBN reports, 2008). The growth of MFIs in Nigeria was encouraging. See Fig 6. The international capital flows as well as the technical expertise helped to build the much needed confidence that was lacking when the banks operated as community banks. However, the growth and concentration of MFIs may become too risky; as majority of them are serving the same market. CBN data showed that 100 of MFIs were operating in Lagos State alone and 16 in Abuja the Federal Capital. Reports from the CBN showed that as at the end of October 2008, a total of 724 MFIs were fully licensed and in operations, with 607 of them being community banks that were re-licensed as MFIs, about 86 MFIs have been given approval in principle during the period under review (CBN, 2008) Again another important source of risk is from the very low capital base that is required for the MFIs and poor regulatory and supervision framework. The CBN in their current reforms are taking some major steps to mitigate these risks; with the proposal of merging and consolidations within the sector. If the various reforms pull through, the country may see more financial strong MFIs that are able to perform their functions as key drivers of national growth and prosperity. Despite the rapid growth of the MFIs in both size magnitude and operations; lending to rural households and SMEs has continued to stagnate. The growth in MFIs have failed to translate into easy access to investment funds, SMEs and households have continued to bedevilled by high cost of funds and collateral requirements. Adverse selection within the financial services sector has continued to persist as a result of information asymmetry. Information asymmetry in the sense that the MFIs have no way of fully guiding and protecting their loanable funds to the public, as a result of this; higher risk premia are demanded to provide financial services which excludes high quality borrowers. The table showed the low reliance of SMEs in the country on capital from financial institutions; clearly borrowed funds from the banks including the MFIs have remained very low, largely as a result of the factors mentioned before. The result is even worst when compared with that of other developing economies like Brazil, South Africa, China, India, Indonesia and Kenya. Source: ICF Survey (2008) the result showed is for short term financing as in the case of long term financing firms depend entirely on personal funding. Table 8 clearly shows that only 4% of SMEs have access to lines of credit/loans while 8% have access to various forms of overdrafts. MFIs account for a very low percentage of financial services funding in Nigeria, largely because of loan ceiling that is active within that sector. Microfinance institutions operating in Nigeria are mandated to keep 60% of their loan portfolio below the NGN 500,000 (US$4310) loan threshold. Central to the Microfinance regulatory framework is the CBN guidelines for licensing of microfinance banks (MFBs). The guidelines provide two licensing options; unit MFBs that are licensed to operate within the local government area in which they are registered with a minimum capital base of NGN20 (US 172,000) million naira. The unit MFBs according to the guideline may expand their operations subject to the NGN20 million capital requirement per branch. State MFBs are licensed to operate in all parts of the state in which they are registered and are subject to a minimum capital requirement of NGN 1 billion (US $8.6 Million). For the state registered MFBs to raise additional funds and open more branches; they are required to have covered at least two-thirds of the state and raise additional NGN 20 million to open a branch in another state. The prudential regulations of MFIs are designed to manage credit risks that are part of the Microfinance operations; the capital adequacy ratios of the MFIs are set with the notion that the institutions will be engaged in mostly unsecured credit financing, the capital adequacy ratio is set at a risk-rated 10:1 ratio (CBN2005). In addition, there are strict guidelines setting up reserves and dividend pay-outs. Microfinance prudential regulations are designed to reduce risk concentration by putting a cap on the amount of credit an individual and groups can access. The Microfinance prudential regulation is designed to reduce risk concentration by putting a ceiling on individual loans (1% of unimpaired shareholder funds and 5% for group borrower), a 100% provisioning is required for loans over 90 days in arrears or restructured (Isern 2009). Microfinance deposits up to NGN 100,000 (US $862) are protected by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Fund (CBN 2008). The Supervision of microfinance is based on both on and off-site supervision, box 2 shows a summary of the regulatory and supervision principles of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. Interest Rate policy of Microfinance institutions in Nigeria ranges above 20-30% for loans, advances, overdraft facilities and other types of lending services (Isern, et al 2009). The interest rates charged by the MFIs are quite high when compared to that charged by the conventional money deposit banks see Table 13. The high rates of interest reflects the high risk premia of the targeted audience that the MFIs are designed to serve. The high rate of interest rate has been identified as one of the key factors that limit rural households and businesses from access to credit through the MFIs (Philips 2002). This imposes distortion in the flow of credit as companies that cannot afford the high cost of borrowing look for informal sources which are marred by risks and uncertainties. The review of the operations of Microfinance Institutions in Nigeria has clearly revealed that there should be a trade-off between high cost of funds on one hand and provision of financial services on the other hand. From what they are designed to achieve, they are supposed to provide some sort of lose collateral lending and as such have a higher risk than the conventional commercial banks. Microfinance Institutions in developing economies like Nigeria faces some challenges both in their operations and in the environment in which they operate. One of these challenges as noted by Cerven and Ghazanfer (2008) includes some cultural practices that discriminate against women such as specific cultural, familial and personal circumstances other important considerations to women empowerment in Nigeria are religious issues like Purdah: (seclusion of women) which is rampant in Northerner Nigeria. Technical know-how and in-adequate regulation has been identified as one of the internal and external factors that militate against the growth of MFIs in Nigeria (Campion 2002). Microfinance been in a somewhat embryonic stage; developments and regulations are still evolving is expected that the sector could face some hiccups before stabilizing. Microfinance Institutions have enormous growth opportunities in Nigeria as a result of most of the factors highlighted in this essay; the nature of their operations and the Acts establishing them makes them a better preferred choice for consumers of financial services. However, this comes with a high cost to both the MFIs and their customers. To the MFIs the potential for high loan defaults are present; this may if not managed properly lead to financial fragility in the sector. To their customs; the high cost of interest and cumbersome application process that they have to face is a big challenge; there is an irony in the interest rate charged by MFIs in Nigeria, a country that has a forecasted average growth rate in GDP of between 5-6% per annum, has a cost of fund of between 20- 30%, this presupposes that businesses should grow more than the countrys GDP. Despite all the challenges of the MFIs in Nigeria, they remain substantial to the growth and development of any economy; and in Nigeria in particular the MFIs have large un-tapped markets and are set for long-run profitability if the relevant infrastructures are put in place. Fig 3 Percentage of adults who have never heard of the listed services and products

Martha Grahams choreography

Martha Grahams choreography Discuss how the choreography of Martha Graham or Merce Cunningham reflected the changing contexts in which her/his work was produced. Martha Graham (1894-1991) was a truly inspirational and revolutionary performer and choreographer throughout the 20th century. Her work was a great influence to people from all aspects of the arts, from famous stage actors to painters, composers, sculptors and of course choreographers. Over Grahams seventy year long career she created a great many one hundred and eighty one pieces. (States http://www.innovationpark.psu.edu/coolblue/events/martha-graham-dance-company-clytemnestra last accessed 05/01/2010) These were an important influence for many people. She changed the way many perceive and interpret dance. It was 1910 when Graham was sixteen that she first laid eyes on an enthralling dance piece. It was seeing Ruth St. Denis at a performance of her famous solos The Cobras, Radha, Nautch and Egypta, in Los Angeles that caught her attention. Graham knew from this point on that this new, defining concept of dance with bare feet and natural flow is what she wanted to devote her life to. Due to her persistent and determined nature, she refused to conform to the social normalities of ballet within contemporary dance. It was 1926 when Graham formed the Martha Graham Dance Company. She veered off from the strict form of traditional ballet and led the way for a new language of dance which was based on her own principles of dance as an inner expression. With this ideology she focused more on significant movement than on classical technique, the likes of which ballet demands. She loved the form of precise movements of the body and she was set to faà §ade classical dance moves. She would go on to do this through her expressionistic work. Many of her performances would involve a rather racy theme, or something that was very rare for the period in which it was created. She also reflected what was going on around her socially. When discussing Grahams use of contraction and release, for which she was so well known, Susie Cooper (2009) states, Graham developed the movements of breathing contraction and release as the basis for her movement vocabulary and technique. When breaking down the dance of Graham I think Merle Armitage said it best; The dance of Martha Graham is neither literally (story telling in the allegorical sense) nor is it symbolic. It is a pure art of the dancea play of form which in itself is significant and provocativea language of its own, not a hand-maiden of another art form. Perhaps it is the first uninfluenced American dance expression, wholly disarming in its simplicity but curiously profound in its complexity. (Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the early years. Da Capo Press, Inc.) Graham was greatly influenced by her father. Dr Graham was a physician who showed particular interest in the way people moved and used their bodies. This state of mind was passed on to his daughter and later on in her life she used to state his favoured dictum movement never lies.Graham was inspired by many different sources ranging from paintings and artwork to Greek mythology, Native American ceremonies and the American Frontier. Most of her truly memorable roles depict grand and significant women in history. Such as Clytemnestra, Jocasta, Medea, Phaedra and Joan of Arc.Lamentation is Grahams dance from 1930. It is a solo choreography which shows the struggle of human emotion and is a visual counterpart to the contemporary architecture that was beginning to grace the skyline of New York in a new and exciting way. Graham describes her piece as; a solo piece in which I wear a long tube of material to indicate the tragedy that obsesses the body, the ability to stretch inside your own skin, to witness and test the perimeters and boundaries of grief, which is honourable and universal. (Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Many of her movements in this piece are from a grounded position and slowly contract and release to an upward position, much like the building and construction of a skyscraper. For example she is sitting on the edge of a bench and contracts from side to side and then arches into a high release which represents the rise of a building. As the dance progresses Grahams movements become a lot faster and angular. This shows the speed and contemporary design that the buildings were being built. It seems safe to assume that her fundamental aim is to allow the power and energy of the living world to filter through and animate her work. (Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the early years. Da Capo Press, Inc.) Chronicle (1936) brought upon a new period of contemporary dance. Completely danced by women, serious issues were brought to light for the first time. It is a preface to war, devastation, destruction and seclusion. It showed Grahams anti-war stance. It was a counterpart to events such as the great depression. It was an iconic step forward in modern dance. Clytemnestra (1958) was considered by many to be Grahams masterpiece. It was an evening long performance, her largest scale work that she ever produced. Composed by Halim El-Dabh. The piece is based on an ancient Greek story about Queen Clytemnestra. It involves love affairs and sacrifice of her daughter. This was a very symbolic piece, use of red material as costume and props for the entrance to the Queens bedchamber. Graham had used material before in Lamentation but not in a design way, so Isamu Noguchi incorporated it within the design. (Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.)Graham collaborated with many artists and visionaries alike. (The following are just to name a few.) Many of whom influenced her work and she in turn influenced them. Isamu Noguchi was a famous sculptor and was a good friend of Grahams and created many of her sets for her pieces. Graham was often compared to many famous artists by society. Her affect on dance was thought upon like Stravinskys music, Picassos paintings or Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture. One of the foremost composers of the time, Aaron Copland, worked with Graham. Copland was known to incorporate jazz music and folk music into his compositions, a revolutionary design for the time. This was then shown through Grahams pieces, for example, Appalachian Spring (1944), one of Grahams well known dances, had a brand new score created for it by Copland. This was a revolutionary piece both in the style of the choreography and of the music. Appalachian Spring was Grahams piece based on a springtime celebration of the American pioneers of the 19th century after they build a new farmhouse. Other composers were William Schuman, who composed Night Journey (1947) for Graham, Samuel Barber composed Frescoes (1978/79). Louis Horst was another of Grahams most valued composers, also known to be Grahams closest adviser on choreographic and creative issues. Graham collaborated with the famous designer Roy Halston Frowick, who created the costumes for some of her later works. He was one of the most proclaimed designers of the seventies. The first time Graham collaborated with Halston was on her work Lucifer (1975), which starred Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev. Lucifer was a reference to the light bearer of biblical times. When talking about this piece Graham states; Many people have asked me why I did Lucifer with Rudolf Nureyev. Lucifer is the bringer of light. When he fell from grace he mocked Gosh. He became half god, half man. As half man, he knew mens fears, anguish, and challenges. He became the god of light. Any artist is the bringer of light. Thats why I did with Nureyev. Hes a god of light.And Margot Fonteyn was such a glorious complement to him at it. Luminous as night. When I first saw Margot Fonteyn she was a great and beautiful figure. The magic of Margots presence is an elusiveness of spirit that defies description (Graham, M. 1991. Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Grahams final performance in which she danced was her work Cortege of Eagles (1967). It is one of her Greek mythology drawn pieces. It is about Hecuba reliving the massacre of the Trojan War. It is a very dramatic based piece focusing on the internal actions and ideals of Hecuba. It is not as investigative as her earlier Greek mythology drawn pieces. It has a focus to emotions and presence more than movement of Graham herself. Instead the actions are carried out by the chorus of dancers. As if they were playing out Hecubas memories. Martha Graham is still celebrated today as one of the most important performers and choreographers of all time. Maple Leaf Rag (1990) was Grahams last choreographed work with a score by Scott Joplin and Calvin Kleins costumes. Graham was working on a piece called The Eye of the Goddess before her death in 1991. It was her new ballet for the Olympic Games in Barcelona. So many of her students became choreographers and company leaders and took a certain aspect of her work with them. Merce Cunningham is a prime example, and this is one of the reasons why we still get to see a lot of her style of work today. Graham changed the concept of what we know as contemporary/modern dance. If not for her, many ideas of how we perceive dance would not exist in the present day. Some found Grahams work ugly and hateful; others called it a revolutionary masterpiece. People have asked me why I chose to be a dancer. I did not choose. I was chosen to be a dancer, and with that, you live all your life. (Graham, M. 1991. Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition.) Bibliography Books Horosko, M. 2002 Martha Graham: The Evolution of Her Dance Theory and Training. University press of Florida. Armitage, M. 1969 Martha Graham the Early Years. Da Capo Press, Inc. Graham, M. 1991 Blood Memory: An Autobiography. Doubleday; 1st edition. DVDs/Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEvcP-vXk4M (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgf3xgbKYko (Last accessed on 12/11/09) DVD Martha Graham in Performance. Kultur. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFNsKeMbW20 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://community.ovationtv.com/_Martha-Graham-A-Dancer-Revealed/video/251083/16878.html (Last accessed on 06/01/10) Websites http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2006/01/07 (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.cmi.univ-mrs.fr/~esouche/dance/Lamentation.html (Last accessed on 12/11/09) http://www.dancehelp.com/articles/modern-dance/martha-graham.aspx (Last accessed on 13/11/09) http://www.pitt.edu/~gillis/dance/martha.html (Last accessed on 26/11/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/aaron-copland/about-the-composer/475/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/martha-graham/about-the-dancer/497/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/isamu-noguchi/about-isamu-noguchi/675/ (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Spring (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.studio360.org/americanicons/episodes/2006/01/07 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-horst-1 (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schuman (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://marthagraham.org/resources/about_martha_graham.php (Last accessed on 19/12/09) http://www.innovationpark.psu.edu/coolblue/events/martha-graham-dance-company-clytemnestra (Last accessed on 05/01/10) http://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/06/arts/the-dance-martha-graham-s-cortege-of-eagles.html?pagewanted=1 (Last accessed on (05/01/10) http://www.exploredance.com/marthagraham2103.php (Last accessed on 05/01/10) http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/47790.Martha_Graham (Last accessed on 06/01/10)

Philosophy for Children Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Metaphysica

I. The concept of the Community of Inquiry Central to the heart of P4C lies the notion of a community of inquiry. Originally a term from Pierce to reference interaction among scientists, the concept of "COI" dominates the discussion of educational revisionism as presented by commentators on the P4C movement. The key description marking a COI is: a group (a social setting) of individuals who use dialogue (interaction among participants) to search out the problematic borders of a puzzling concept (inquiry as philosophical.) Implicit in the ideal workings of this group are two key concepts: a demonstration of thinking that is caring (each member is supported and allowed to be an integral member of the community), creative (new ideas are sought out and encouraged) and critical (good reasons are expected for one's ideas and positions). fallibilism (a willingness to be corrected and an acknowledgment of possible error or perspectivalness). Thus, the COI offers us a dual message of promoting critical thinking and encouraging an obligation to one's fellow inquirer. As such the concept of COI attempts to address contemporary challenges to education to produce better thinkers and more caring members of society who can tolerate differences at the same time they can submit conflicts to reasonable scrutiny. In a COI all participants must respect one another as thoughtful persons who seek communally to better understand the issue at hand. In describing the COI as central to philosophical inquiry with children I have tried to achieve a certain degree of metaphysical neutrality by focusing upon the methodological structure of the discussion. However, once we probes beneath the surface definition we discover a cache of important meta... ...e Communities," Analytic Teaching, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3-16. Schleifer, Michael. "Philosophy and Community in Education: A Critique of Richard Rorty," Analytic Teaching, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 27-34. Sharp, Ann Margaret. "The Community of Inquiry: Education for Democracy," Thinking, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 31-37. _________. "What is a 'Community of Inquiry?", Journal of Moral Education, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 37-45. _________. "Feminism and Philosophy for children: The Ethical Dimension," Thinking, vol. 11, no. 3/4, pp. 24-28. Slade, Christina. "Conversing Across Communities: Relativism and Difference," Analytic Teaching, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 3-12. Thomas, John C. "Community of Inquiry and Differences of the Heart," Thinking, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 42-48. Traverso, Gabriela. "Community and Hermeneutic Rationality," Analytic Teaching, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 21-26.

Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye The problem with most first person narratives is that there is only one point of view. In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caufield shares his past experiences as a distressed teenager. The entire story is told through his own troubled mind, which often distorts the experiences. Salinger portrays the reason behind Holden's immaturity by demonstrating his untrustworthy qualities. Most of Holden's views contradict themselves because of Holden's own confusion. This confusion blinds him from being able to realize that most of his criticism is against himself. Salinger clearly presents this after Stradlader hits Holden. "All that blood and all sort of made me look tough. I'd only been in about two fights in my life, and I lost both of them. I'm not too tough. I'm a pacifist, if you want to know the truth"(46). Even though Holden enjoys to see himself beaten up, he contradicts himself by proclaiming he is a peaceful person. Salinger utilizes these contradictions to reveal how unreliable Holden's observations are. Salinger also depicts Holden's immaturity through the judgment of his peers and elders. Holden's disillusionment of good people alters the true personality of each person he meets. Holden even criticizes his new classmates, whom he has not even meet yet. "It's full of phonies/.../and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day"(131). Just because Holden is uncomfortable in his school, he feels the need to disapprove of everyone. Salinger exploits this immaturity to illustrate the reason for Holden's loneliness and confusion. Throughout the story Salinger introduces characters that actually appeal to Holden, which give him guidance and make him feel better about himself. Mr. Antolini is one of these people. Holden seems hopeless in his quest for happiness, but Mr. Antolini guides him in the right direction. Even after all the help, he still finds a way to scrutinize Mr. Antolini. "What he was doing was, he was sitting on the floor right next to the couch, in the dark and all, and he was sort of petting me or patting me on the goddam head"(192).

How hard is hardware disease

As a husbandman is walking through his field one forenoon, he spots a small spot of rusty woven wire that has been knocked from the fencing. He keeps walking by and does non believe anything else of the woven wire piece. Why would he? It ‘s merely a small piece of metal right, no harm will be done ; he can ever pick it back up the following clip he comes through? Wrong, metal, of any sort that has been left out in the field with farm animal is a danger to the animate being every bit good as the husbandman. This is because the animate being could perchance devour the metal and contract what many carnal scientists know as hardware disease. Hardware disease can strike any ruminant at any clip after the metal is consumed. If the metal is in the right topographic point at the incorrect clip the husbandman loses his farm animal. The proprietor needs to be cognizant of the definition, marks, intervention and bar of hardware disease for their animate beings. Some inquiries that a husba ndman may hold when raising cowss and worrying about hardware disease can be how will this impact the cowss that are raised? Will the animate being ‘s public presentation go down? How dearly-won is this disease? How fast can the carnal be affected by the disease? Is it treatable? How can the husbandman prevent hardware disease? Does the disease affect cowss that are a certain age, or does it count? When it comes to hardware disease many persons are non truly certain what it is. Hardware disease in layperson ‘s footings can be classified as a disease where the animate being ingests a metal object into their Reticulum. Once the metal gets into the Reticulum, it becomes difficult to free and will frequently clip remain at that place in the cow until it dies of natural causes. Sometimes though, the bovine that ingests metal will hold a serious job really fast. The animate being, if the hardware does acquire lodged into the Reticulum has a opportunity in puncturing the Reticulum. If this does go on of class the animate being will hold some kind of infection Oklahoman or subsequently. The animate being could besides decease, rapidly. Harmonizing to the University of Missouri frequently times hardware disease is caused by any signifier of a crisp object that makes its manner through the tummy wall and finds its manner to the bosom ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cowss ingest the foreign object, normally something like a nail or a little piece of wire that is left after a fencing occupation, it may happen its manner to the bosom therefore killing the animate being in a painful mode ( UoM 1993 ) . More frequently than non you can normally happen the object in the chamber of the tummy known as the Reticulum ( UoM 1993 ) . The Reticulum is the portion of the cow ‘s tummy that is like a baseball baseball mitt it catches all of the foreign stuff that should non travel through a cow ‘s enteric system but allows feed to go through through ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cow moves or does something to do any type of musculus contraction the foreign object may be forced through the wall which may do incursion to the stop and or bosom pouch ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease is the common name for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulates. Cattles that have traumatic gastritis are classified into three groups, sub-acute local, chronic and acute diffuse type. As of right now there are two types of intervention for traumatic gastritis conservative and rumenotomy. A cow that has acute diffuse peritoneal inflammation has a really high opportunity of being fatal, but if it is treated with antibiotics through an intra-peritoneal injection may hold a little opportunity of recovery ( Yoshida 1984 ) . Traumatic reticulates is normally found in older cowss where a piece of foreign object penetrates the wall of the Reticulum during the remastication procedure ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) . Following infections spread along the object to countries around the venters, bring forthing abscess and adhesions, in some instances the object will travel through the thorax leting for there to be abscess in the thorax, and during terrible instances the i nfection goes to the exterior of the bosom. ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) But some still refer to its scientific name of Traumatic reticuloperitionitis, and is really non a disease at all. Harmonizing to Oregon State, and West Virginia University, Hardware disease is a mechanical hurt to the Reticulum that is caused when a bovine ingest crisp metal objects such as nails, prison guards, and little pieces of wire ( OSU 2009, WVU ) . Basically, the animate being will consume the metal out in a field or in a hay bale. For hardware disease to take impact the animate being has to consume the metal. Although, the animate being can consume crisp fictile objects every bit good as crisp stones or other objects and hardware disease will be the consequence. Basically, anything that is difficult, crisp and pointy could perforate through the animate being and cause hardware disease. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains it like this, when cowss ingest spots of foreign objects in the signifier of nail, wire, plastic, or anything else that can puncture a hole in the side o f the Reticulum. The objects move into the Reticulum or are able to steal yesteryear and move into the first stomachs. They are so pushed over the ruminoreticular crease by contractions. The objects end up in the reticulo-omasal opening is where the foreign object tends to incorporate heavier objects located in the Reticulum, while form object frequently get stuck in the honeycomb-like reticulas mucous membrane traps ( Merck Veterinary Manual 2008 ) . The University of Missouri extended services states that 55 to 75 per centum of cowss slaughtered in the eastern portion of the United States were found to hold hardware in their system. ( UoM 1993 ) It is a admiration that non all cowss have a job with hardware disease. This merely concludes that hardware may be in the system of the cowss but non bring forth any harm to the digestive piece of land. This is no ground for the husbandman non to clean up his Fieldss. There is ever a opportunity that the cowss will non hold a job, but so once more there is ever a opportunity that there will. No 1 should take the opportunity like that with their animate beings. For the cow, when it ingests a foreign object the actions that the tummy takes may coerce the object through the Reticulum wall ( Thomas 1998 ) . The danger of this is that one time the foreign object such as a nail, piece of wire or even a form stone makes its manner through the wall it has a high opportunity of puncturing a critical organ ( Thomas 1998 ) . When it comes to seeing marks of hardware disease it depends on the topographic point that the object penetrates. During the early phases of hardware disease, during the first twenty-four hours the Reticulum has been penetrated, the symptoms may be confused as sings of dyspepsia and in a grain provender carnal ague saccharide overload ( Thomas 1998 ) . Any animate being that goes through dyspepsia is unwilling to eat or make much of anything, irrespective of the cause. A few of the most common marks that you will see are the animate being will be in a hurting and besides the animate being will non hold an appetency ( UA ) . The animate being will besides stand with an arched dorsum or be unwilling to walk ( WVUE ) . All in all, the animate being will be in uncomfortableness. Besides, when the cow may be forced to walk you can frequently hear it doing a grunting sound. This is because the animate being is in hurting. If the object somehow penetrates around the bosom and happens to migrate forward that it will do an infection that is most frequently fatal. The infection will happen merely if the animate being does non decease instantly. The University of Missouri explains, the redness will annoy the pneumogastric nervus, the pneumogastric nervus controls the first stomachs contractions and the pneumogastric disturbs this action. When the pneumogastric nervus is irritated the consequence is bloat, these symptoms may lessen and even disappear within on e to seven yearss, but may reoccur shortly afterwards. ( UoM 1993 ) . Another mark that may be present in the cow is when you look at the jugular channel you are able to see the vena ( WVUE ) . When seeking to calculate out whether or non it is really hardware disease, the diagnosing is made on observations of any of the clinical marks above. There is non a 100 per centum guaranteed that it is hardware because there are so many other diseases that are present with the same marks. All in all a withers trial can be done by squashing the anchor of the cow merely above the withers to see if the carnal oinks. This shows that the hurting is located in that front half of the cow ( WVUE ) . In cowss, â€Å" if peritoneal inflammation is terrible, the animate being may decease within a twosome of yearss † ( Thomas 1998 ) . If the cow has chronic peritoneal inflammation than it you may non see the symptoms for months but the animate being will be in changeless uncomfortableness ( Thomas 1998 ) . Therefore, if hardware disease is happening the animate being in inquiry may merely non be making so good but hardware disease is a an error because it is non seeable, which should be followed by an scrutiny by an veterinarian ( Thomas 1998 ) . It is much easier to forestall any kind of disease instead than handling it or seeking to bring around it. It is besides non merely easy but cheaper in the long tally to forestall the diseases. The easiest manner to forestall hardware disease is make certain that you pick up each and every piece of metal that is out in the field, that includes every nail that you drop while nailing up boards, every piece of barb-wire that you cut off, every bit good as the little nuts and bolts that everybody tends to drop. The figure one bar method revolves around the direction of the eating and croping countries to avoid the consumption of foreign objects. If grazing lands are managed right for feeding and graze, the husbandman should ne'er hold to worry about their carnal acquiring hardware disease. There is plentifulness of information available on the cyberspace and in veterinary offices. There is besides adequate information available from the local extension office every bit good as several bo oks to forestall about any curable or treatable disease. Companies are besides assisting out with the job of hardware disease by seting magnets in provender Millss and eatage harvest home equipment, although these are non 100 per centum they help. Metal is non the lone object that the cowss will consume, they will on occasion consume fictile point therefore a magnet will non because it will non be able to maintain the point in one topographic point ( WVUE ) . As everybody knows we can non alter the eating wonts of cowss, so accordingly we have to happen other methods of maintain the metal fro harming the farm animal. One method that works is to infix a magnet in to the cow at an early age, the metal that is eaten will more than probably happen its manner to the magnet and halt there and travel no farther. The magnet is merely able to make so much so if the cow is demoing marks of hardware disease so it would be necessary to infix another magnet. The magnets are reasonably inexpensiv e and will assist out in the long tally. They merely cost about two to five dollars and if you are able to acquire them back from the slaughter house they are even cheaper. Magnets are a batch less in expensive than the cost of surgery ( WVUE ) . With any disease, the bar of the certain disease is a batch cheaper than the cost of surgery or intervention. The easiest thing to make for any husbandman is to maintain all metal out of the field and out of range at all times. Cattle should besides be kept off from any building site because they are able to pick up any loose stuff that finds its manner into the field and besides they might seek to acquire to things that are on the other side of the fencing when they are running out of eatages in the field that they are in. Any loose stuff that is in or around a field that can do jobs for farm animal should be picked up to forestall any kind of hardware disease job. There have been several documented instances in the universe for cowss that have had jobs with hardware disease. In 1999 Rancher Janie Easterbrook claims that the contact that her cowss had with a lodging development caused them to acquire hardware disease. She told the newsman that spots of metal can remain in the tummy for a long clip before they do any harm. Hardware disease can strike at any clip and all it takes is emphasis or anything that causes the tummy to contract. In the cowss happenings such as, gestation will travel the metal object through the wall, along with tummy contractions and external respiration. The cow could be traveling the right manner at the incorrect clip to do the metal in the Reticulum to be a job. The necropsy studies on her last three cattles, listed the cause of decease to be hardware disease. Easterbrook stated that since she had been raising cowss in 1993 she had ne'er lost a cow to hardware disease ( Buckly ) . Let ‘s take for case that cow an grownup cow cost around 1500 dollars and a calf cost around 600 dollars. In a herd of 100 cattles and 50 calves if you lose 6 cattles and 3 calves so you are losing over 10 thousand dollars due to a disease that is non truly a disease. In any instance, even if merely one cow in your herd of 100 dies, that is still one cow excessively many. It is about absurd at the proprietor ‘s ignorance if the carnal gets hardware disease. There is excessively much information available online and in any carnal related office non to be cognizant of th is disease. Once the proprietor is cognizant of the disease, it is improbably easy to forestall it. If you are non able to forestall your cowss from acquiring hardware disease so the following best thing is intervention. The best thing for you to make in fixing you cattle for hardware disease is to believe as if your cow has hardware disease. This means puting a magnet in the cowss ‘s bow tummy. ( WVUE ) Besides harmonizing to the University of Missouri, another intervention is to put the front pess of the cow on a platform someplace about 6 to 8 inches off the land as this may halt the foreign object from traveling frontward ( UoM 1993 ) This method of intervention takes approximately 10 to 20 yearss, besides the husbandman should administrate antibiotics to will maintain the spread of infection down ( UoM 1993 ) . There is a 20 to 30 percent addition of recovery when you are able to catch hardware disease early ; unlike if you let it travel untreated there is an 80 – 90 per centum opportunity of decease. ( MVM 2008 ) Another intervention is surgery called rumenotomy which means that you have to manually take to object or objects, besides the physician needs to look for abscess on the Reticulum so that they can be opened up and drained back into the Reticulum ( MVM 2008 ) . If the bovine does hold this process done, at least some signifier of antibiotics need to be administered ( MVM 2008 ) . The veterinary intervention for hardware disease includes the usage of an anti-bacterial to command the redness of the peritoneal inflammation and besides a magnet is given to halt it from go oning once more ( MVM 2008 ) . Like many husbandmans may cognize, Penicillin is a really effectual antibiotic. It is inexpensive and easy to administrate and can be really effectual against hardware disease. Cows that are affected, like any animate being that has a disease or enfeebling upset should be placed off from the remainder of the herd for at least 1 to 2 hebdomads ( MVM 2008 ) . The cow needs to be kept comfy every bit much as possible and by all agencies, dem ands to hold the hazard of deeper incursion cut down. When handling for hardware disease, the usage of unwritten or Four fluids should be administered whenever they are needed to maintain the carnal healthy during this clip ( MVM 2008 ) . The IV fluids will maintain the cow from acquiring dehydrated, besides if the animate being is unable to eat during this clip and unable to ruminate, the IV fluids will be of aid. With IV fluids, about anything can be placed in them, like electrolytes and other beginnings of foods to maintain the carnal alive. In some cases, the cow may profit from first stomachs vaccination ( MVM 2008 ) . This is good because first stomachs vaccination can help with the loss of normal vegetations and ruminal stasis in the intestine ( MVM 2008 ) . With cowss that have more of a terrible instance of hardware disease, instances that will be you more in the long tally if you try to handle them necessitate to be looked at through an economic point of view, if the cow h as no value so they should be sent off to butcher if they are able to go through the review that a batch of slaughter houses have ( MVM 2008 ) . The proprietor must retrieve if a bovine of all time gets into this muss, that it is wholly 100 % preventable. Picking up wire and other metal pieces will extinguish the hazard of the cowss acquiring this disease in your herd. If any cow in your herd were to acquire hardware disease the proprietor must cognize the forecast for the animate being if they opt to handle them. Any proprietor who has an animate being that is sick in any manner needs to cognize the hazards of the intervention and of the complaint it has. For any disease the definition of forecast is the idea of what the result might be in the terminal ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease, for the animate being ‘s forecast, it differs from each animate being as no 2 are every truly the same ( UoM 1993 ) . The proprietor and veterinarian, when make up one's minding to handle an animate being with hardware disease ; needs to find how long the status has been present so that they can do a proper intervention program ( UoM 1993 ) . Like any animate being, the badness of the disease will change among the person. A good, accurate veterinary will see everything before doing the concluding determination ( UoM 1993 ) . A veterinarian or an proprietor that merely goes in handling the cow without doing an accurate diagnosing will more frequently than non run up a good sized vet measure and could do the animate being more jobs. By and large, when handling hardware disease, the forecast for the animate being is pretty decent. The major point of this disease that keeps being repeated is that hardware disease is wholly preventable. More frequently than non, the proprietor is wholly incognizant that the animate being could contract hardware disease. A field that looks all nice and green without weeds and is clean will be thought to be less likely to do such a disease. When proprietors and other people think of hardware disease and how it is caused, many can visualize a field that is cluttered with metal and any type of debris available on the land to be picked up. Even though a field does non hold metal cluttered all over does non intend that there is some at that place. William claude dukenfields need to be check exhaustively before seting cowss in the field, or any animate being for that affair. If the husbandman does look into the Fieldss before the farm animal are put in at that place, so more frequently than non, the farm animal will populate and bring forth for many old ages to come. Another thing any manufacturer needs to be cognizant of is all the informational benefits they have. A husbandman can travel on-line anyplace in the state and happen information on hardware disease, every bit good as other diseases. If the husbandman is unable to acquire on-line to seek these diseases, the local veterinary and extension agent should hold more than adequate information on the disease. If all else fails, the manufacturer can happen information in books and diaries and magazines. With a small cleanliness in the Fieldss and around the feeding countries cowss should hold a smaller opportunity of acquiring hardware disease. So the following clip you are sauntering through a field and see a little piece of metal, no affair how little it is, retrieve, you could salvage your farm animal ‘s life and salvage you several 100s, if non 1000s of dollars in veterinary measures.Plants CitedBarringer, Sam. Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . [ Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] Available from: hypertext transfer p rotocol: //www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/hwaredis/hwaredis.htmuckly, Thomas. Hardware Disease is ranking rural Ranchers [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1999 Sep 9 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.press-enterprise.com/newsarchive/1999/09/25/938237021.htmlGadberry Shane, Jeremy Powell. Nutritional Disorder in Beef Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Arkansas [ Cited 2009 Nov 11 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3071.pdfMerck Veterinary Manual [ Internet ] . Merck & A ; Co inc. [ Updated 2008 ; Cited 2009 Nov 8 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp? cfile=htm/bc/21706.htmMoseley, Bonnard L. Hardware Disease of Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Missouri [ Updated 1993 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx? P=G7700Thomas, Heather Smith. Hardware in Cattle [ Inter net ] Oliver Del Signore [ Updated 1998 ; Cited 2009 Nov 17 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.countrysidemag.com/issues/93/93-6/hardware_in_cattle.htmlTorell Ron, David Thian. Back to Basicss: Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . Oregon State University Extension Service [ Updated 2009 Oct ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.oregonstate.edu/malheur/sites/default/files/LS_October09.pdfTraumatic Reticulates [ Internet ] . National Animal disease information service [ Updated 2007 ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/241/traumatic-reticulitis-wireYoshida Yasuyuki. Total and differential leucocyte counts of Traumatic Gastritis Classified under three types in Dairy Cows [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1986 Sep 10 ; Cited 2009 Nov 7 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/38-2608.pdf

Black People and Tone Essay

Tone is the attitude a writer has about a topic. For example, a tone might be serious, sarcastic, respectful, or unsympathetic. A writer establishes tone through choice of words and details. Directions: Zora Neale Hurston creates a strong tone when she writes about race in this essay. In the second column of the chart, list key word choices and details from the essay that reflect her attitude for each topic. Describe her tone in the third column. Then answer the question that follows. Topic| Word Choices and Details| Tone|Growing up in a town with only African-Americans| She knew no other and just thought it was normal.| Laid back,normal| White people visiting Eatonville| NorthernersWhites would just pass thru| Exciting, actors| The difference between Eatonville and Jacksonville| Eatonville was only blacks and Jacksonville was predominantly white with colors being a minority.| Solemn and lonely| The lasting effects of slavery in the United States| People reminding her that she is a granddaughter of slaves| Depressed | How African-Americans and white people respond differently to music| African-Americans feel more depth and soul. It is real they have lived it and white people look for more classical to relax and just enjoy.| respectful| What is the overall tone of Hurston’s essay? What point does Hurston make by choosing this tone to discuss the subject of race? Is Hurston’s tone appropriate and effective for her topic? Explain. I believe her tone was excited about her younger years and the fun of just being a kid and knowing nothing about race or discrimination. Towards the end it became more solemn. But she was wrong by no means. Her talk and expression was regulated by her story telling. She only told about her situation and what she experienced. I really enjoyed it.